Locative and orientation descriptions in Tarascan: Topological relations and frames of reference

Topological Relations in Pohnpeian

“…Alternatively, the terms 'trajector' (figure) and 'landmark' (ground) are used where the trajector is the "entity whose (trans) location is of relevance" and the landmark is the "reference entity in relation to which the location or the trajectory of motion of the trajector is specified" (Zlatev 2007: 327). Based on ample previous research, topological relations and spatial concepts are not universal but rather constructed through discourse and can vary even within a single language community (Levinson 1996;Levinson 2003;Levinson and Meira 2003;Thiering 2007;Garza 2011;i.a.). Topological relations are commonly coded by adpositions, case, predicates, spatial nominals, and verbs, though other ways have been attested as well (Levinson 2003).…”