Location of motor pools innervating chick wing

Hollyday, Margaret; Jacobson, Richard D.

doi:10.1002/cne.903020313

Cited by 53 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For these reasons, we studied the European starling, a passerine bird capable of powered flight. This study extends previous studies of the domestic fowl for which: 'a general lack of flightedness in the fowl may influence the details of motor pool organization' [Hollyday and Jacobson, 1990]. The distribution of motoneurons innervating the supracoracoideus in the starling is similar to the distribution described for the domestic fowl in the retrograde degeneration study of Ohmori et al [1982], and the tracer studies of Straznicky and Tay [1983] and Hollyday and Jacobson [1990].…”

Section: Muscle Histochemistrysupporting

confidence: 75%

“…pectoralis). Nerve branching patterns can also be a useful starting point for determining muscle homologies [see Goslow et al, 1989] as can the location of motorpools within the spinal cord [Straznicky and Tay, 1983] and developmental studies [Cheng, 1955;Sullivan, 1962;Hollyday and Jacobson, 1990]. For the muscles in this study, homologies were determined using anatomical and developmental evidence (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuromuscular Correlates to the Evolution of Flapping Flight in Birds

Goslow

Wilson

Poore³

2000

Brain Behav Evol

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The neuromotor pattern (i.e. the onset/offset of muscle contraction within the locomotor cycle) is conserved for some homologous muscles of the tetrapod shoulder but not others in the transition from terrestrial locomotion to flight. Here we test for three shoulder muscles of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) to determine whether retention of, or deviation from, a conserved neuromotor pattern can be predicted on the basis of the location of the muscle’s motor nucleus within the motor column and the histochemical profile of its constituent muscle fibers. The M. supracoracoideus, the major wing elevator, illustrates a neuromotor pattern that has shifted in its timing within the limb movement cycle. Of the two heads of the triceps, the electrical activity pattern of M. humerotriceps is conserved during the transition, whereas that of the M. scapulotriceps is not. We reacted serial sections of each muscle for myosin adenosine triphosphotase (ATPase), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D), and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPD) to characterize all muscles into two fiber types: fast glycolytic (FG) and fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG). We used retrograde axonal tracers to determine the longitudinal distribution and topographical organization of the motoneurons within the motor column in the spinal cord. The histochemical profile of each muscle studied is unique and is statistically different from its homologue in non-avian tetrapods. Compared to non-avian tetrapods, the spatial location of the motor nucleus of the supracoracoideus is conserved. The topology of the two heads of the triceps is fundamentally conserved relative to the other test muscles, but relative to one another there is some spatial segregation which might reflect their respective functional specializations. These data indicate that an evolutionary change in neuromotor pattern can occur without a corresponding topological reorganization of a muscle’s motor nucleus within the motor column. Nor can the histochemical profile of homologous muscles be used to predict their neuromotor pattern in the transition from terrestrial locomotion to flight. These findings suggest that evolutionary change in neuromotor outflow relates to altered synaptic input from supraspinal or segmental sources or by alteration of factors intrinsic to individual motoneurons.

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Section: Muscle Histochemistrysupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular Correlates to the Evolution of Flapping Flight in Birds

Goslow

Wilson

Poore³

2000

Brain Behav Evol

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“…In the control side of the embryos, spinal nerves 13-16 and a small region of spinal nerve 17 innervate the forelimb (Hollyday and Jacobson, 1990). However, a ~one-segment rostral shift in the spinal nerves that project to the forelimb was observed in the electroporated side (Fig.…”

Section: Expression Of Gdf11 Causes Rostral Displacement Of Motoneuromentioning

confidence: 90%

The function of growth/differentiation factor 11 (Gdf11) in rostrocaudal patterning of the developing spinal cord

Liu

2006

Development

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Hoxc family transcription factors are expressed in different domains along the rostrocaudal (RC) axis of the developing spinal cord and they define RC identities of spinal neurons. Our previous study using an in vitro assay system demonstrated that Fgf and Gdf11 signals located around Hensen's node of chick embryos have the ability to induce profiled Hoxc protein expression. To investigate the function of Gdf11 in RC patterning of the spinal cord in vivo, we expressed Gdf11 in chick embryonic spinal cord by in ovo electroporation and found that ectopic expression of Gdf11 in the neural tissue causes a rostral displacement of Hoxc protein expression domains, accompanied by rostral shifts in the positions of motoneuron columns and pools. Moreover, ectopic expression of follistatin (Fst), an antagonist of Gdf11, has a converse effect and causes caudal displacement of Hox protein expression domains, as well as motoneuron columns and pools. Mouse mutants lacking Gdf11 function exhibit a similar caudal displacement of Hox expression domains, but the severity of phenotype increases towards the caudal end of the spinal cord, indicating that the function of Gdf11 is more important in the caudal spinal cord. We also provide evidence that Gdf11 induces Smad2 phosphorylation and activated Smad2 is able to induce caudal Hox gene expression. These results demonstrate that Gdf11 has an important function in determining Hox gene expression domains and RC identity in the caudal spinal cord.

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“…Gutman et al [5] indicated the existence of relationships between locations of muscles and motoneuron pools in axial muscles in chicken. Some investigators [5,6,8,9] concluded that the motoneuron position is correlated with ontogenetic events in chicken. Table 2 shows the cell body diameters (average of maximal and minimal diameters of cells with a visible nucleus) of motoneurons labeled after injections into each of the 6 tail muscles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These muscles are innervated by motoneurones with cell bodies in the spinal cord. Some investigators showed the location of motor pools innervating wing muscles [6,15], hindlimb muscles [14], neck muscles [17], axial muscles [5] and M. sphincter cloacae [13] in the domestic fowl. However, no investigators showed the spinal location of motoneurons innervating tail muscles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Motoneurons Innervating Tail Muscles in the Pigeon.

Wada

Jouzaki

Ichikawa

et al. 1997

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The distribution of motoneurons innervating the tail muscles, M. levator caudae, M. depressor caudae, M. pubocaudalis externus, M. pubocaudalis internus, M. lateralis caudae and M. flexor cruris, in the adult pigeon was examined by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxides. Labeled motoneurons innervating tail muscles were distributed in the longitudinal column of the spinal cord below the sacral spinal segment 5. The average diameter of cell bodies ranged from 23.7 to 62.5 µm. Each motoneuron pool was localized in a characteristic position in the ventral horn. -KEY WORDS: motoneuron, pigeon, tail.

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Location of motor pools innervating chick wing

Cited by 53 publications

References 16 publications

Neuromuscular Correlates to the Evolution of Flapping Flight in Birds

Neuromuscular Correlates to the Evolution of Flapping Flight in Birds

The function of growth/differentiation factor 11 (Gdf11) in rostrocaudal patterning of the developing spinal cord

Distribution of Motoneurons Innervating Tail Muscles in the Pigeon.

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