Location of antigenic sites on the three-dimensional structure of the influenza N2 virus neuraminidase

Air, Gillian M.; Els, M.C.; Brown, Lorena E.; Laver, W.G.; Webster, Robert G.

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(85)90157-6

Cited by 123 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The N2 NA genes of H3N2 (swHK376 and swHK476) and reassortant (swKA278 and swEH80) viruses were 1468 nucleotides long with a single long open reading frame of 1409 nucleotides, identical in size to those of the previously reported NA genes (Air et al, 1985a;Bently & Brownlee, 1982;Lentz et al, 1984;Markoff & Lai, 1982;Rompuy et al, 1982).…”

Section: Comparison Of the Nucleotide And Deduced Amino Acid Sequencementioning

confidence: 63%

“…For the analysis of synonymous (silent) and non-synonymous (amino acid-changing) substitutions, we examined four NA sequences and seven previously published sequences (Air et al, 1985a;Bently & Brownlee, 1982;Elleman et al, 1982;Lentz et al, 1984;Markoff& Lai, 1982;Martinez et al, 1983;Rompuy et al, 1982). The number of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions was calculated by the method described by Nei & Gojobori (1986).…”

Section: Calculation Of Evolutionary Rate and Construction Of Phylogementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary pathways of N2 neuraminidases of swine and human influenza A viruses: origin of the neuraminidase genes of two reassortants (H1N2) isolated from pigs

Nerome

Kanegae

Yoshioka

et al. 1991

Journal of General Virology

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The complete nucleotide sequences of the neuraminidase (NA) genes of two reassortant (H1N2) and two H3N2 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs were determined and phylogenetic relationships between these and previously reported N2 NA genes were investigated. On the basis of pairwise nucleotide sequence identity, the NA genes of two reassortants, A/sw/Kanagawa/2/78 and A/sw/Ehime/1/80, were most closely related to those of human influenza A virus strains isolated in 1972 and the earliest available swine H3N2 influenza A viruses, respectively. Phylogenetic trees showed that the NA genes can be segregated into three groups, including lineages for (i) swine strains, (ii) the earliest human strain and (iii) recent human strains. The evolutionary tree for the 11 nucleotide and amino acid sequences suggested that the NAs of A/sw/HK/4/76 and A/sw/Kanagawa/2/78 belong to the lineage for recent human viruses. In contrast, the NA genes of the A/sw/HK/3/76 and H1N2 reassortant A/sw/Ehime/1/80 viruses were found to be of a swine lineage. The swine virus NA genes were further characterized by the cocirculation of two distinct lineages. Although the rates of synonymous (silent) substitutions for the swine and human viruses were nearly identical (0.00946 to 0.00884 per site per year), the rate of non-synonymous (amino acid changing) substitutions for swine virus NA genes was about 60% of that for the human virus.

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Section: Comparison Of the Nucleotide And Deduced Amino Acid Sequencementioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Calculation Of Evolutionary Rate and Construction Of Phylogementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary pathways of N2 neuraminidases of swine and human influenza A viruses: origin of the neuraminidase genes of two reassortants (H1N2) isolated from pigs

Nerome

Kanegae

Yoshioka

et al. 1991

Journal of General Virology

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“…The model predicts the affinity constant values (1) for a second antigen, after exposure to an original antigen whose epitope region differs by probability p epitope -The key measure of antigenic drift in the theory is p epitope , the fractional change between the dominant epitope regions of the vaccine and the circulating strain, defined by the equation (2) This characterization of antigenic drift in our theoretical model emphasizes the experimental fact that only the epitope regions are significantly involved in immune recognition, as shown by immunoassays and crystallographic images [4].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Epitope analysis for influenza vaccine design

Muñoz

Deem

2005

Vaccine

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Until now, design of the annual influenza vaccine has relied on phylogenetic or whole-sequence comparisons of the viral coat proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, with vaccine effectiveness assumed to correlate monotonically to the vaccine-influenza sequence difference. We use a theory from statistical mechanics to quantify the non-monotonic immune response that results from antigenic drift in the epitopes of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. The results explain the ineffectiveness of the 2003-2004 influenza vaccine in the United States and provide an accurate measure by which to optimize the effectiveness of future annual influenza vaccines.

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“…The statistical mechanical model captures the essential physics of the immune response to influenza vaccination and demonstrates the value of using p epitope to define the degree of antigenic drift. Consideration of antigenic drift of the dominant epitope follows from immunoassays and crystallographic data that show only the epitope regions are significantly involved in immune recognition [36]. When the antigenic drift, p epitope , in the dominant epitope is greater than 0.19, according to historical records, or 0.22, according to theory, the vaccine efficacy becomes negative (see figure 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying influenza vaccine efficacy and antigenic distance

Gupta

Earl

Deem

2006

Vaccine

141

292

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We introduce a new measure of antigenic distance between influenza A vaccine and circulating strains. The measure correlates well with efficacies of the H3N2 influenza A component of the annual vaccine between 1971 and 2004, as do results of a theory of the immune response to influenza following vaccination. This new measure of antigenic distance is correlated with vaccine efficacy to a greater degree than are current state-of-the-art phylogenetic sequence analyzes or ferret antisera inhibition assays. We suggest that this new measure of antigenic distance be used in the design of the annual influenza vaccine and in the interpretation of vaccine efficacy monitoring.

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Location of antigenic sites on the three-dimensional structure of the influenza N2 virus neuraminidase

Cited by 123 publications

References 26 publications

Evolutionary pathways of N2 neuraminidases of swine and human influenza A viruses: origin of the neuraminidase genes of two reassortants (H1N2) isolated from pigs

Evolutionary pathways of N2 neuraminidases of swine and human influenza A viruses: origin of the neuraminidase genes of two reassortants (H1N2) isolated from pigs

Epitope analysis for influenza vaccine design

Quantifying influenza vaccine efficacy and antigenic distance

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