Location of a cell-wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, cellulose and ?-1,3-glucans in apical and differentiated regions of maize mycorrhizal roots

Balestrini, Raffaella; Romera, Carmen; Puigdomènech, Pere; Bonfante, Paola

doi:10.1007/bf00199680

Cited by 58 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…In contrast to enzymatic wall loosening, it has been proposed that expansins locally weaken noncovalent binding between cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucans, causing cellulose chain movement and stress relaxation (Cosgrove, 2000;Whitney et al, 2000). In maize, β-1,4-glucans were detected around the large intracellular coils of Glomus versiforme but not around the thinner arbuscular branches (Balestrini et al, 1994). This is consistent with our results demonstrating the presence of NtEXPA5 inferred from immunogold labeling in the interfacial matrix surrounding the trunk and primary arbuscule branches.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Immunolocalization of α-Expansin Protein (NtEXPA5) in Tobacco Roots in the Presence of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus Mosseae Nicol. & Gerd

Wiśniewska¹,

Golinowski²

2011

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica

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The arbuscules of mycorrhizae develop within apoplastic compartments of the host plant, as they are separated from the cell protoplast by an interfacial matrix continuous with the plant cell wall. Expansins are proteins that allow cell wall loosening and extension. Using fluorescence and electron microscopy we located the NtEXPA5 epitopes recognized by polyclonal antibody anti-NtEXPA5 in mycorrhizal tobacco roots. The expansin protein was localized mainly within the interfacial matrix of intracellular hyphae, arbuscule trunk and main branches. NtEXPA5 proteins were detected neither within the interface of collapsing arbuscule branches nor in non-colonized cortex cells. In plant cell walls, expansin protein was detected only at the penetration point and in the parts of cell walls that adhered firmly to fungal hyphae growing intracellularly. For the first time, NtEXPA5 protein was localized ultrastructurally in hyphae growing intracellularly at the interface of the hypha tip and sites of bending. The novel localization of NtEXPA5 protein suggests that this protein may be involved in the process of arbuscule formation: that is, in promoting apical hyphal growth and arbuscule ramification, as well as in controlling the dynamic of arbuscule mycorrhiza development.K Ke ey y w wo or rd ds s: : Arbuscular mycorrhizae, arbuscule, expansin, host/fungus interface, ultrastructure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Immunolocalization of α-Expansin Protein (NtEXPA5) in Tobacco Roots in the Presence of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus Mosseae Nicol. & Gerd

Wiśniewska¹,

Golinowski²

2011

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica

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“…A few of these genes seem to be associated with defense responses, like PR10. Upregulation of genes involved in cell wall synthesis supports the hypothesis that, during the PPA development, cellulose synthase is required for preparation of the interface compartment (Balestrini et al, 1994; Figure 2. Transcript accumulation of selected sequences upon inoculation with G. margarita in wild-type (white bars) and dmi3-1 mutant roots (gray bars) at stage 1.…”

Section: Sequences Expression Profiling Ratiossupporting

confidence: 61%

Transcriptome Analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Roots during Development of the Prepenetration Apparatus

Siciliano¹,

Genre²,

Balestrini³

et al. 2007

Plant Physiology

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121

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Information on changes in the plant transcriptome during early interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is still limited since infections are usually not synchronized and plant markers for early stages of colonization are not yet available. A prepenetration apparatus (PPA), organized in epidermal cells during appressorium development, has been reported to be responsible for assembling a trans-cellular tunnel to accommodate the invading fungus. Here, we used PPAs as markers for cell responsiveness to fungal contact to investigate gene expression at this early stage of infection with minimal transcript dilution. PPAs were identified by confocal microscopy in transformed roots of Medicago truncatula expressing green fluorescent protein-HDEL, colonized by the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita. A PPA-targeted suppressive-subtractive cDNA library was built, the cDNAs were cloned and sequenced, and, consequently, 107 putative interaction-specific genes were identified. The expression of a subset of 15 genes, selected by reverse northern dot blot screening, and five additional genes, potentially involved in PPA formation, was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and compared with an infection stage, 48 h after the onset of the PPA. Comparison of the expression profile of G. margarita-inoculated wild type and the mycorrhiza-defective dmi3-1 mutant of M. truncatula revealed that an expansin-like gene, expressed in wild-type epidermis during PPA development, can be regarded as an early host marker for successful mycorrhization. A putative Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited gene, found to be up-regulated in the mutant, suggests novel regulatory roles for the DMI3 protein in the early mycorrhization process.Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis represents a unique interaction between a symbiotic fungus and its host plant. The fungus, an obligate biotroph belonging to Glomeromycota (Schü ßler et al., 2001), is provided by the host plant with carbon sources required to complete its life cycle, whereas it facilitates the plant with the uptake of nutrients, such as phosphate (Smith and Read, 1997). Cellular, physiological, biochemical, and molecular research on mycorrhization is currently performed in many laboratories because positive effects of symbiotic fungi on the metabolism of their host plants are recognized as being beneficial to many ecosystems.The AM-plant associations are a result of a long coevolutionary process (Karandashov and Bucher, 2005) that required profound morphological readjustments in the plant to accommodate the fungus and to facilitate the exchange of nutrients between the two partners. In both epidermal and cortical cells, the fungus is surrounded by a membrane of host origin. The formation of this apoplastic interface causes a dramatic structural re-organization of the plant cells with all their organelles (Bonfante, 1984;Bonfante and Perotto, 1995).Development of new technological (in vivo confocal microscopy) and molecular (transformed plants expressing GUS or GFP marke...

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“…In the matrix (interface zone between fungal wall and host membrane) of Glomus versiforme, HRGP, cellulose and homogalacturonans were found (Bonfante-Fasolo et al 1990Balestrini et al 1994). In the matrix of infection threads around rhizobia infecting the root hairs of Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum, XGs, pectin and proline-rich proteins were present (Rae et al 1992;Sherrier and VandenBosch 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell wall synthesis in cotton roots after infection with Fusarium oxysporum

Rodríguez-Gálvez

Mendgen

1995

Planta

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Abstract. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum penetration hyphae infect living cells in the meristematic zone of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) roots. We characterized wall modifications induced by the fungus during infection of the protodermis using antibodies against callose, arabinogalactan-proteins, xyloglucan, pectin, polygalacturonic acid and rhamnogalacturonan I in high-pressure frozen, freeze-substituted root tissue. Using quantitative immunogold labelling we compared the cell walls before and after hyphal contact, cell plates with plasmodesmata during cytokinesis, and wall appositions induced by fungal contact. In the already-existing wall, fungal contact induced only minor modifications such as an increase of xyloglucan epitopes. Wall appositions mostly exhibited epitopes similar to the cell plate except that wall appositions had a much higher callose content. This study shows that wall appositions induced by Fusarium oxysporum hyphae are the result of normal cell wall synthesis and the addition of large amounts of callose. The appositions do not stop fungal growth.

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Location of a cell-wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, cellulose and ?-1,3-glucans in apical and differentiated regions of maize mycorrhizal roots

Cited by 58 publications

References 24 publications

Immunolocalization of α-Expansin Protein (NtEXPA5) in Tobacco Roots in the Presence of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus Mosseae Nicol. & Gerd

Immunolocalization of α-Expansin Protein (NtEXPA5) in Tobacco Roots in the Presence of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus Mosseae Nicol. & Gerd

Transcriptome Analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Roots during Development of the Prepenetration Apparatus

Cell wall synthesis in cotton roots after infection with Fusarium oxysporum

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