Location-based forwarding in vehicular networks

Wolterink, Wouter Klein

doi:10.3990/1.9789036535601

Cited by 3 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In addition, as in mammals, the trout DN thymocytes likely include some B cells, although they are scarce in trout thymus [e.g. (50)], and, based on findings in mammals, may include several developmental stages of natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including multipotent precursors that may also develop into T cells (83,84). Future research should try to identify more precisely the (sub-) population of fish DN thymocytes which is sensitive to IL-15L.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first functional characterization of ancient interleukin-15-like (IL-15L) reveals shared and distinct functions of the IL-2, -15 and -15L family cytokines

Yamaguchi

Karger

Keller

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The ancient cytokine interleukin 15-like (IL-15L) was lost in humans and mice but not throughout mammals. This is the first study to describe IL-15L functions, namely in the fish rainbow trout.Fish have only one -chain receptor gene IL-15R, whereas in mammalian evolution this gene duplicated and evolved into IL-15R plus IL-2R. Trout IL-2, IL-15 and IL-15L all could bind IL-15R and were able to induce phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT5. Reminiscent of the mammalian situation, trout IL-15 was more dependent on "in trans" presentation by IL-15R than IL-2. However, whereas trout IL-15 could also function as a free cytokine as known for mammalian IL-15, trout IL-15L function showed a total dependency on in trans presentation by IL-15R. Trout lymphocytes from the mucosal tissues gill and intestine were sensitive to IL-15, but refractory to IL-2 and IL-15L, which is reminiscent of sensitivities to IL-15 in mammals.Distinguishing engagement of the IL-2R/IL-15R receptor chain may explain why IL-2 and IL-15 were selected in evolution as major growth factors for regulatory T cells and lymphocytes in mucosal tissues, respectively. Trout IL-15L efficiently induced expression of IL-4 and IL-13 homologues in CD4 -CD8 -IgMsplenocytes, and we speculate that the responsive cells within that population were type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). In contrast, trout IL-15 efficiently induced expression of interferon  and perforin in CD4 -CD8 -IgMsplenocytes, and we speculate that in this case the responsive cells were natural killer (NK) cells. In fish, in apparent absence of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, primitive IL-15L may have an important role early in the type 2 immunity cytokine cascade. Among trout thymocytes, only CD4 -CD8thymocytes were sensitive to IL-15L, and different than in mammals the CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes were quite sensitive to IL-2. In addition, the present study provides (i) the first molecular evidence for inter-species cytokine with receptor chain interaction across fish-mammal borders, and (ii) suggestive evidence for a tendency of IL-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first functional characterization of ancient interleukin-15-like (IL-15L) reveals shared and distinct functions of the IL-2, -15 and -15L family cytokines

Yamaguchi

Karger

Keller

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The blue shape shows the maximum transmission distance R from the most recent forwarder. Black nodes have received the message (reprinted from [17]).…”

Section: System and Modeling Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 18.4: The expected number of nodes in intervals following a forwarder, for the source, the first forwarder, and the second forwarder, with dint = 5 and dIN = 50 (reprinted from [17]).…”

Section: The Distribution Of V Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 18.5: The expected number of candidate forwarders in an interval for the first three hops, with dint = 5 m and dIN = 50 m (reprinted from [17]).…”

Section: The Distribution Of C Nimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to be able to derive the full distribution of the end-to-end delay, the position of each forwarder, and the required number of hops to have the message delivered to the sink also needs to be determined. In [17] also additional performance metrics such as hop length, hop delay, and success probability are derived, see also Sec. 18.3.4.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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