“…Recent research, aided by the highprecision remote sensing (D. Yu et al, 2023), distributed sensor network (Catlett et al, 2017;Y.-C. Chen et al, 2019), and mobile measurement (A. , has yielded promising results in estimating land surface and air temperatures (Venter et al, 2020;S. Sharma et al, 2023), air quality (Gitahi et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2022;, and flooding conditions (Silverman et al, 2022;Tien et al, 2023) with exceptional spatial granularity, down to 10 meters. These studies provide insights into the actual environmental conditions experienced by urban residents, thus holding profound implications for research on walkability, heat-related mortality, hazard exposure, and environmental/climate justice.…”