Locally resolved characterization of progressive addition lenses by calculation of the modulation transfer function using experimental ray tracing

Multi-parameter identification of gratings measurement by Experimental Ray Tracing

“…ERT is widely used in profiler metrology of conventional optical components. It proves its abilities in numerous optical components surface profile measurement (Ceyhan et al 2011;Gutierrez et al 2017;Binkele et al 2018bBinkele et al , 2017Binkele et al , 2018a. When a ray incidents on an optical component, the direction of transmitted or reflected rays can be determined.…”

P4.10 - Component-level Measurement of Molded Freeform Optics - an Example for "Industrie 4.0" Concept

“…The method we propose is a variation of the experimental ray tracing (ERT), which belongs to the group of gradient based measurement techniques for optical inspection. Once introduced by Häusler and Schneider [2] as a modification of the Hartmann test, ERT has recently evolved into a proven method for characterization of various lens types including progressive addition lenses [3] and aspherical lenses with respect to diverse optical performance parameters [4] as well as surface shape [5]. Its principle is strongly rooted in Geometrical Optics and relies on refraction and scattering of light rays incident to the lens under test (LUT) due to its inherent physical properties.…”

“…Though the active area of an LED-die deviates from a perfect point, it is a common approximation for an LED-source in designing SOEs. The deflection angle is determined from the intersection points P1(x1, z1) and P2(x2, z2) of the deflected ray with two observation planes behind the LUT by 2The angle can be determined with higher accuracy by fitting the linear polynomial (3) containing the coefficients c0 and c1 to a series Pi(xi, zi) of intersection points. From a best-fit in the least-squares sense found by minimizing the residual difference i according to (4) the angle is approximated from the slope component by (5) The deflection angle alone may not offer a meaningful representation of the measured performance.…”

Characterization of specular freeform surfaces from reflected ray directions using experimental ray tracing

“…Besides this implementation, the measurement technique has also proven its enormous abilities in different variations and data analysis methods. This includes the precise measurement of the paraxial focal length of optical components (Binkele et al, 2016), the performance measurement of progressive addition lenses (Gutierrez et al, 2017a), the characterization of secondary optics for LEDs (Gutierrez et al, 2017b) and even the refractive index measurement in gradient-index lenses (Binkele et al, 2019a). The original measurement system implemented by Ceyhan et al (2011) was already able to determine surface imperfections in the range of form and mid-spatial-frequency of spherical and aspherical lenses.…”