Localized <sup>13</sup>C NMR Spectroscopy in the Human Brain of Amino Acid Labeling from <scp>d</scp>‐[1‐<sup>13</sup>C]Glucose

Gruetter, Rolf; Novotny, Edward J.; Boulware, Susan D.; Mason, Graeme F.; Rothman, Douglas L.; Shulman, Gerald I.; Prichard, James W.; Shulman, Robert G.

doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63041377.x

Cited by 236 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

157

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A number of investigations have reported increased levels of Glx, the combined signal arising primarily from glutamate and glutamine, in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and global gray matter of drug-free bipolar subjects 30,60,61 (Table 4). Although the Glx peak is difficult to separate into glutamate and glutamine at the relatively low magnetic field strengths used in human studies, 62 an increased Glx signal is likely to imply alterations in the overall glutamate/glutamine cycle.…”

Section: Elevated Lactate In Bipolar Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) affords a noninvasive window on in vivo brain chemistry and, as such, provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the biochemical pathology of bipolar disorder. Studies utilizing proton ( 1 H) MRS have identified changes in cerebral concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate, glutamate/glutamine, choline-containing compounds, myo-inositol, and lactate in bipolar subjects compared to normal controls, while studies using phosphorus ( 31 P) MRS have examined additional alterations in levels of phosphocreatine, phosphomonoesters, and intracellular pH. We hypothesize that the majority of MRS findings in bipolar subjects can be fit into a more cohesive bioenergetic and neurochemical model of bipolar illness that is both novel and yet in concordance with findings from complementary methodological approaches. In this review, we propose a hypothesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder that involves impaired oxidative phosphorylation, a resultant shift toward glycolytic energy production, a decrease in total energy production and/or substrate availability, and altered phospholipid metabolism. Molecular Psychiatry (2005) 10, 900-919.

show abstract

Section: Elevated Lactate In Bipolar Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[17][18][19]28,33 In 1994 it was first demonstrated that in vivo 13 C NMR may be used to measure the rate of glutamine labeling from 1-13 C glucose in human occipital/parietal cortex. 18,27 However the rate of the glutamate/glutamine cycle was not uniquely determined from these first experiments due to the inability to distinguish the glutamate/glutamine cycle from other sources of glutamine labeling in the glia. The studies in rats by Sibson and coworkers 29,30 allowed a constraint to be placed on the maximum flow of label from glial pyruvate dehydrogenase into glutamine as the rate of anaplerosis.…”

Section: Mrs Studies Of Neuronal Glial Gluta-mate Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of metabolic compartmentation and glucose transport using in vivo MRS

Rothman

2001

NMR in Biomedicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Organs consist of several types of cells with specialized functions. This cellular localization of function is often referred to as compartmentation. Due to the intrinsic low sensitivity of MR methods it is generally not possible in vivo to obtain images or spectra of single cells. Instead the MRS signal is the sum of the signal from millions of cells and multiple cell types. A major challenge in using MRS to study biological processes such as metabolism and transport is to devise measurements that provide cell-specific information from this mix. Fortunately nature has helped the MR scientist by in several cases nearly completely localizing metabolic pathways and their associated metabolites in specific cell types. The chemical specificity of MRS allows the concentrations and synthesis rates of these metabolites to be measured, providing information about the compartmentation of metabolism and function. In this review examples are presented from MRS studies of metabolic trafficking between neurons and astrocytes in the brain, brain glucose transport, and the role of muscle glucose transport in insulin resistance and diabetes. The concepts and approaches used in these studies are generally applicable for studying cellular metabolic compartmentation in a wide range of systems.

show abstract

“…It has been shown that the strong lipid signal in natural abundance 13 C NMR spectra of the human head is from extra-cerebral tissue and normal human brain does not contain detectable triacyl-glycerol resonances (Gruetter et al, 1994b(Gruetter et al, , 1996. Application of the localization method to the human head routinely suppressed the triacyl-glycerol resonances at 30.5 ppm more than 100-fold (n = 10 subjects without glucose infusion, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The excellent reproducibility was in part due to a conservative time resolution of 25 min, however, the current sensitivity certainly would permit a temporal resolution of 10-15 min. Conversely, the sensitivity of the current experiment should allow reduction of the volume size from 210 to 140 ml, which is a spatial resolution that has been used in different, unrelated studies (Gruetter et al, 1994b;Shen et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct, noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans

Öz

Henry

Seaquist

et al. 2003

Neurochemistry International

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The concentration and metabolism of the primary carbohydrate store in the brain, glycogen, is unknown in the conscious human brain. This study reports the first direct detection and measurement of glycogen metabolism in the human brain, which was achieved using localized 13 C NMR spectroscopy. To enhance the NMR signal, the isotopic enrichment of the glucosyl moieties was increased by administration of 80 g of 99% enriched [1-13 C]glucose in four subjects. 3 h after the start of the label administration, the 13 C NMR signal of brain glycogen C1 was detected (0.36 ± 0.07 mol/g, mean ± S.D., n = 4). Based on the rate of 13 C label incorporation into glycogen and the isotopic enrichment of plasma glucose, the flux through glycogen synthase was estimated at 0.17 ± 0.05 mol/(g h). This study establishes that brain glycogen can be measured in humans and indicates that its metabolism is very slow in the conscious human. The noninvasive detection of human brain glycogen opens the prospect of understanding the role and function of this important energy reserve under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

show abstract

Localized ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy in the Human Brain of Amino Acid Labeling from d‐[1‐¹³C]Glucose

Abstract: Cerebral metabolism of D[1-"C]glucose was studied with localized '3C NMR spectroscopy during in-

Cited by 236 publications

References 30 publications

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

Studies of metabolic compartmentation and glucose transport using in vivo MRS

Direct, noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Localized 13C NMR Spectroscopy in the Human Brain of Amino Acid Labeling from d‐[1‐13C]Glucose

Abstract: Cerebral metabolism of D[1-"C]glucose was studied with localized '3C NMR spectroscopy during in-

Cited by 236 publications

References 30 publications

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

Studies of metabolic compartmentation and glucose transport using in vivo MRS

Direct, noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Localized ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy in the Human Brain of Amino Acid Labeling from d‐[1‐¹³C]Glucose