Localization of the rabies virus antigen in Merkel cells in the follicle-sinus complexes of muzzle skins of rabid dogs

Shimatsu, Taichi; Shinozaki, Harumi; Kimitsuki, Kazunori; Shiwa, Nozomi; Manalo, Daria L.; Perez, Rodolfo C.; Dilig, Joselito E.; Yamada, Kentaro; Boonsriroj, Hassadin; Inoue, Satoshi; Park, Chun-Ho

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.021

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Therefore, it was suggested that MCs of FSCs of the muzzle skin are target cells for viral infection by rabies in wolf, cat, fox, and bat. These results were similar to those of our previously reported study on rabid dogs [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], and it was thus concluded that our novel diagnostic method using FSCs might be a very useful alternative method for diagnosis of rabies not only in domestic but also wild animals. However, the number of animals examined in this study was very small.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…These results were similar to those of our previously reported study on rabid dogs [9][10][11], and it was thus concluded that our novel diagnostic method using FSCs might be a very useful 7 alternative method for diagnosis of rabies not only in domestic but also wild animals.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…Recently, we reported that follicle-sinus complexes (FSCs) in the muzzle skin could be a useful diagnostic material of rabid dogs [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Each FSC is known to be equipped with more than 2,000 sensory nerve endings [ 4 ]; therefore, it was thought that FSCs could be utilized as an alternative postmortem diagnostic material in dogs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Follicle-sinus complexes in muzzle skin of domestic and wild animals as diagnostic material for detection of rabies

Shiwa

Manalo

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et al. 2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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We previously reported a novel diagnostic method using follicle-sinus complexes (FSCs) in the muzzle skin for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs. However, whether this method works in other animal species remains unclear. Here, FSCs were collected from a wolf, a red fox, 2 bats, and a cat, and examined for the presence of viral antigen, viral mRNA, and viral particles. Viral antigen and viral mRNA were confirmed in Merkel cells (MCs) in FSCs of all species. Electron microscopy performed using only samples from wolf and cat confirmed viral particles in MCs of FSCs. These results suggested that this novel diagnostic method using FSCs might be useful for detection of rabies not only in domestic but also wild animals.

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supporting

confidence: 91%

supporting

confidence: 91%

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Follicle-sinus complexes in muzzle skin of domestic and wild animals as diagnostic material for detection of rabies

Shiwa

Manalo

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et al. 2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…For detection of rabies virus antigens and cell type in tissues, the following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal rabies phosphoprotein (anti-P) [29], rabbit polyclonal ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1, Wako), rabbit polyclonal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; Nichirei Biosciences Inc., Tokyo, Japan), rabbit polyclonal CD3 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, U.S.A.), rabbit polyclonal CD20 (Spring Biosciences, Fremont, CA, U.S.A.) and mouse monoclonal neurofilament protein (NF; Agilent Technologies). After deparaffinization, sections were treated with 0.25% trypsin at room temperature for 30 min for anti-P detection; 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) in a water bath at 95°C for 30 min for Iba1 detection; 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) in a microwave oven at 750 W for 5 min for detection CD20; Histofine ® pH 9.0 (Nichirei Biosciences) in a microwave oven at 750 W for 5 min for CD3 detection; and Proteinase-K (Agilent Technologies) at room temperature for 30 min for NF detection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological lesions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of <i>dd</i>Y mice with street rabies virus (1088 strain)

Kimitsuki

Yamada

Shiwa

et al. 2017

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Most studies on rabies virus pathogenesis in animal models have employed fixed rabies viruses, and the results of those employing street rabies viruses have been inconsistent. Therefore, to clarify the pathogenesis of street rabies virus (1088 strain) in mice, 106 focus forming units were inoculated into the right hindlimb of ddY mice (6 weeks, female). At 3 days postinoculation (DPI), mild inflammation was observed in the hindlimb muscle. At 5 DPI, ganglion cells in the right lumbosacral spinal dorsal root ganglia showed chromatolysis. Axonal degeneration and inflammatory cells increased with infection progress in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. Right hindlimb paralysis was observed from 7 DPI, which progressed to quadriparalysis. However, no pathological changes were observed in the ventral horn and root fibers of the spinal cord. Viral antigen was first detected in the right hindlimb muscle at 3 DPI, followed by the right lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, dorsal horn of spinal cord, left red nuclei, medulla oblongata and cerebral cortex (M1 area) at 5 DPI. These results suggested that the 1088 virus ascended the lumbosacral spinal cord via mainly afferent fibers at early stage of infection and moved to cerebral cortex (M1 area) using descending spinal tract. Additionally, we concluded that significant pathological changes in mice infected with 1088 strain occur in the sensory tract of the spinal cord; this selective susceptibility results in clinical features of the disease.

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“…They are also scattered within some parts of the ectoderm‐derived mucosa where they appear to have endocrine and chemosensitive functions, such as influencing blood flow, coordinating and promoting keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, and modulating inflammatory responses (Tachibana and Nawa, ; Eispert et al, ; Maricich et al, ; Ramirez et al, ). MCs are also considered to be involved in some diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris and graft‐versus‐host rejection in humans, rabies in dogs, and cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) tumor in humans, dogs, and cats (Boulais et al, ; Gil da Costa et al, ; Dohata et al, ; Shimatsu et al, ). Because the isolation and culture of normal MCs is difficult related to they appear to be quite scarce in the epidermis and are difficult to maintain for more than two weeks, it is well standardized in most studies the use of full‐thickness skin samples containing all epidermal cells (Boulais et al, ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Study on the Role of Histochemical Stains in Identifying Merkel Cells in Dogs

Ramı́rez

Monteros

2018

The Anatomical Record

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Merkel cells (MCs) are neuroendocrine cells involved with tactile sense, growth, differentiation, and homeostasis of the skin as well as in different cutaneous diseases. Specific staining techniques are required for their identification because they are not easily visible in paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The present study assess the histochemical features of the MCs in dogs comparing with those described for other mammals in the literature and with the use of immunohistochemistry. A systematic study of samples from MCs-rich areas from healthy dogs was carried out by use of several histologic stains, including metachromatic staining, silver stains, methylene blue, periodic acid-Schiff stain, and osmium-based staining method. MCs were detected by the Grimelius argyrophilic stain in 86.7% of the specimens. The staining was showed as dark-brown granular cytoplasmic and consistently polarized to the basal cell cytoplasm matching with the cellular distribution of the characteristic neurosecretory granules. Some modifications in the standard staining protocol, including rinsing, silver reimpregnation, and counterstain dye, enhanced the MCs identification in stratified squamous epithelium. When compared with Cytokeratin 20-immunolabeled serial sections several MCs appeared nonstained with the argyrophilic method. These differences in MC numbers between stains were statistically significant. Other histologic stains failed to identify MCs in the specimens. The results of this study indicate that Grimelius argyrophilic stain is a suitable method for demonstration of MCs in the stratified squamous epithelium of skin and mucosa. Discussion on its utility when compared with immunohistochemistry and a review of the scientific literature is also presented.

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Localization of the rabies virus antigen in Merkel cells in the follicle-sinus complexes of muzzle skins of rabid dogs

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Follicle-sinus complexes in muzzle skin of domestic and wild animals as diagnostic material for detection of rabies

Follicle-sinus complexes in muzzle skin of domestic and wild animals as diagnostic material for detection of rabies

Pathological lesions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of <i>dd</i>Y mice with street rabies virus (1088 strain)

Study on the Role of Histochemical Stains in Identifying Merkel Cells in Dogs

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