Localization of oral–motor rhythmogenic circuits in the isolated rat brainstem preparation

Tanaka, Susumu; Kogo, Mikihiko; Chandler, Scott H.; Matsuya, Tokuzo

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01117-8

Cited by 73 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Rhythmic chewing is controlled at its most basic level by the masticatory central pattern generator (CPG) located in the pons and medulla of the brainstem (Dellow and Lund, 1971;Kogo et al, 1996;Lund and Kolta, 2006;Tanaka et al, 1999). The CPG can produce rhythmic movements without input from extrinsic sources but peripheral sensory receptors in the lips, oral mucosa, teeth and jaw muscles provide sensory feedback to modulate the final motor output (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific scaling of chewing cycle duration in three species of domestic ungulates

Stover

Williams

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYIn mammals, chewing cycle duration (CCD) increases with various measures of size, scaling with body mass 0.13-0.28 and jaw length 0.55 . Proposed explanations for these scaling relationships include the allometry of body size, basal metabolic rate and tooth size, on the one hand, and pendular mechanics treating the jaw as a gravity-driven pendulum, on the other. Little is known, however, about the relationship between CCD and size within species. Recent research in dogs demonstrates altogether different scaling exponents and weaker correlations. This research suggests that breed-specific growth rates influence the maturation of the neural networks generating chewing rhythm, which may be altered because of changes in jaw mass during early postnatal growth. Here, we explored the intraspecific scaling of CCD within a sample of adult horses ranging from miniatures to draft breeds and an ontogenetic sample of goats and alpacas from infants to adults. In horses, CCD scales with body mass 0.19 and jaw length 0.57 , although in neither case is the correlation significant. In the ontogenetic samples of goats and alpacas, CCD is significantly correlated with body mass, scaling as CCDϰbody mass 0.37 in both species. In goats, but not alpacas, CCD is also significantly correlated with jaw length, scaling as jaw length 1.032 . As in dogs, the scaling of CCD in horses may reflect the influence of selective breeding on growth trajectories of different breeds, resulting in reduced body and jaw size differences among infants, when CCD is established, compared with adults. However, the allometric scaling of tooth size in horses of different breeds may be a potential influence on the scaling of CCD. The scaling of CCD with body and jaw size in goats, and to a lesser extent in alpacas, also suggests that the development of peripheral masticatory structures such as the teeth and occlusal relations may play a role in changes in CCD during the earliest stages of postnatal ontogeny.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific scaling of chewing cycle duration in three species of domestic ungulates

Stover

Williams

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…According to neurophysiological investigators, the rhythm is produced by a population of brainstem cells known as a central timing network (CTN) or central rhythm generator (CRG); these cells form a subcomponent of a larger masticatory central pattern generator (CPG) network (Lund, 1991;Nakamura and Katakura, 1995). The traditional model of the masticatory CPG circuitry placed CTN cells within a fairly localized brainstem region (Nakamura and Katakura, 1995) but further investigations suggest that the rhythmicity is more diffusely represented (Enomoto et al, 2006;Lund et al, 1998;Nakamura et al, 1999;Tanaka et al, 1999;Tsuboi et al, 2003;Wu et al, 2001). Also, although the masticatory CPG is believed to be highly conserved (Lund et al, 1998;Wainwright, 2002), it is likely that many underappreciated taxonomic specificities in CTN design and location exist (Alfaro and Herrel, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chewing rates among domestic dog breeds

Gerstner

Cooper

Peter

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe mammalian masticatory rhythm is produced by a brainstem timing network. The rhythm is relatively fixed within individual animals but scales allometrically with body mass (M b ) across species. It has been hypothesized that sensory feedback and feedforward adjust the rhythm to match the jaw's natural resonance frequency, with allometric scaling being an observable consequence. However, studies performed with adult animals show that the rhythm is not affected by jaw mass manipulations, indicating that either developmental or evolutionary mechanisms are required for allometry to become manifest. The present study was performed to tease out the relative effects of development versus natural selection on chewing rate allometry. Thirtyone dog breeds and 31 mass-matched non-domestic mammalian species with a range in M b from ~2kg to 50kg were studied. Results demonstrated that the chewing rhythm did not scale with M b among dog breeds (R0.299, P>0.10) or with jaw length (L j ) (R0.328, P>0.05). However, there was a significant relationship between the chewing rhythm and M b among the non-domestic mammals (R0.634, P<0.001). These results indicate that scaling is not necessary in the adult animal. We conclude that the central timing network and related sensorimotor systems may be necessary for rhythm generation but they do not explain the 1/3rd to 1/4th allometric scaling observed among adult mammals. The rhythm of the timing network is either adjusted to the physical parameters of the jaw system during early development only, is genetically determined independently of the jaw system or is uniquely hard-wired among dogs and laboratory rodents.

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“…17,18 This ororhythmic motor behavior is primarily controlled by the suck central pattern generator (sCPG), which includes bilateral internuncial circuits within the pontine and medullary reticular formation. 19,20 The minimal circuitry for ororhythmic activity resides between the trigeminal motor nucleus and the facial nucleus in the brainstem. 19 Thus, suck represents a complex sensorimotor behavior that can provide valuable insights into the integrity of the central nervous system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 The minimal circuitry for ororhythmic activity resides between the trigeminal motor nucleus and the facial nucleus in the brainstem. 19 Thus, suck represents a complex sensorimotor behavior that can provide valuable insights into the integrity of the central nervous system. 13,21 Oral stimulation strategies have proven beneficial in developing oral feeding skills in premature infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic orocutaneous stimulation entrains preterm infants with feeding difficulties to suck

et al. 2008

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Background: Prematurity can disrupt the development of a specialized neural circuit known as suck central pattern generator (sCPG), which often leads to poor feeding skills. The extent to which suck can be entrained using a synthetically patterned orocutaneous input to promote its development in preterm infants who lack a functional suck is unknown.Objective: To evaluate the effects of a new motorized 'pulsating' pacifier capable of entraining the sCPG in tube-fed premature infants who lack a functional suck and exhibit feeding disorders.Methods: Prospective cohort study of 31 preterm infants assigned to either the oral patterned entrainment intervention (study) or non-treated (controls) group, matched by gestational age, birth weight, oxygen supplementation history and oral feed status. Study infants received a daily regimen of orocutaneous pulse trains through a pneumatically controlled silicone pacifier concurrent with gavage feeds.Results: The patterned orocutaneous stimulus was highly effective in accelerating the development of non-nutritive suck (NNS) in preterm infants. A repeated-measure multivariate analysis of covariance revealed significant increases in minute rates for total oral compressions, NNS bursts, and NNS cycles, suck cycles per burst, and the ratiometric measure of NNS cycles as a percentage of total ororhythmic output. Moreover, study infants also manifest significantly greater success at achieving oral feeds, surpassing their control counterparts by a factor of 3.1 Â (72.8% daily oral feed versus 23.3% daily oral feed, respectively).Conclusion: Functional expression of the sCPG among preterm infants who lack an organized suck can be induced through the delivery of synthetically patterned orocutaneous pulse trains. The rapid emergence of NNS in treated infants is accompanied by a significant increase in the proportion of nutrient taken orally.

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Localization of oral–motor rhythmogenic circuits in the isolated rat brainstem preparation

Cited by 73 publications

References 33 publications

Intraspecific scaling of chewing cycle duration in three species of domestic ungulates

Intraspecific scaling of chewing cycle duration in three species of domestic ungulates

Chewing rates among domestic dog breeds

Synthetic orocutaneous stimulation entrains preterm infants with feeding difficulties to suck

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