Localization of octopaminergic neurones in insects

Stevenson, Paul A.; Spörhase-Eichmann, Ulrike

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(94)00152-j

Cited by 125 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The distribution of octopaminergic neurons is well documented in insects including honeybees, fruit flies, blowflies, cockroaches, hawkmoths, and locusts. [105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] The best characterized group of neuromodulatory neurons in insects constitutes a unique group of unpaired efferent median neurons, the somata of which are located at the dorsal/ventral midline of the subesophageal ganglion, thoracic, and abdominal ganglia; these neurons are known as dorsal unpaired median or ventral unpaired median neurons. [113][114][115][116] The classification of OCTlike immunoreactive neurons as clusters of cell bodies and perikarya within the cell body in the brain and the subesophageal ganglion has been reviewed elsewhere.…”

Section: Octopaminergic Neurons In the Insect Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…106,107,111,117 Most unpaired dorsal/ventral efferent median neurons are octopaminergic. 24,108,109 A subpopulation of the subesophageal ganglion dorsal/ventral unpaired median cells innervates most parts of the brain neuropils and is involved with specific activities and complex behaviors. 105,118 The dorsal unpaired median and ventral unpaired median neurons also innervate sets of peripheral muscles, glands, and certain types of proprioceptors.…”

Section: Octopaminergic Neurons In the Insect Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…94,[105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124] It is timely to determine OCT levels, octopaminergic receptor subtype/density, and neural activity/connectivity in specific brain neuropils to show the correlation with complex behaviors in insects.…”

Section: Octopaminergic Neurons In the Insect Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of octopamine in insect nervous systems

Farooqui¹

2012

OAIP

145

155

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Octopamine (OCT) belongs to a group of compounds known as biogenic amines. OCT, a monohydroxylic analog of norepinephrine, is found in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. OCT is present in relatively high concentrations in the neuronal and nonneuronal tissues of most invertebrate species studied. However, OCT occurs as a trace amine in vertebrates where its physiological significance remains uncertain. OCT acts as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurohormone in insect nervous systems where it prominently influences multiple physiological events. In the peripheral nervous system, OCT modulates the activity of flight muscles, peripheral organs, and most sense organs. In the central nervous system, OCT is essential for the regulation of motivation, desensitization of sensory inputs, arousal, initiation, and maintenance of various rhythmic behaviors, hygiene behavior, and complex social behaviors, including establishment of labor, as well as learning and memory. As a neurotransmitter, OCT regulates endocrine gland activity and controls the emission of light in the firefly lantern. As a neurohormone, OCT is released into hemolymph, transported to target tissues, and induces mobilization of lipids and carbohydrates, preparing insects for a period of extended activity or assisting recovery from a period of increased energy demand. OCT modulates hemocytic nodulation in nonimmune larvae and enhances phagocytosis as a neurohormone. OCT exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors belonging to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and shares the structural motif of seven transmembrane domains. Activation of octopaminergic receptor types is coupled with different second messenger pathways depending on the species, tissue source, receptor type, and cell line used for expression of the cloned receptor. OCT-mediated generation of second messengers is associated with changes in cellular response, affecting insect behaviors. This review describes the roles of OCT in insect nervous systems at the behavioral and molecular levels.

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Section: Octopaminergic Neurons In the Insect Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Octopaminergic Neurons In the Insect Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of octopamine in insect nervous systems

Farooqui¹

2012

OAIP

145

155

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“…Data discussed below, however, suggest that cricket aggression is enhanced by octopamine released as a neuromodulator in the CNS, the primary source of circulating octopamine (cf. Goosey and Candy, 1982;Bräunig et al, 1994;Stevenson and Spörhase-Eichmann, 1995).…”

Section: Flight Fight and Octopaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Octopamine and Experience-Dependent Modulation of Aggression in Crickets

Stevenson¹,

Dyakonova²,

Rillich³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

215

216

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Intraspecific aggression is influenced in numerous animal groups by the previous behavioral experiences of the competitors. The underlying mechanisms are, however, mostly obscure. We present evidence that a form of experience-dependent plasticity of aggression in crickets is mediated by octopamine, the invertebrate counterpart of noradrenaline. In a forced-fight paradigm, the experience of flying maximized the aggressiveness of crickets at their first encounter and accelerated the subsequent recovery of aggressiveness of the normally submissive losers, without enhancing general excitability as evaluated from the animals' startle responses to wind stimulation. This effect is transitory and concurrent with the activation of the octopaminergic system that accompanies flight. Hemocoel injections of the octopamine agonist chlordimeform (CDM) had similar effects on aggression but also enhanced startle responses. Serotonin depletion, achieved using ␣-methyl-tryptophan, enhanced startle responses without influencing aggression, indicating that the effect of CDM on aggression is not attributable to increased general excitation. Contrasting this, aggressiveness was depressed, and the effect of flying was essentially abolished, in crickets depleted of octopamine and dopamine using ␣-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT). CDM restored aggressiveness in AMT-treated crickets, indicating that their depressed aggressiveness is attributable to octopamine depletion rather than to dopamine depletion or nonspecific defects. Finally, the flight effect was blocked in crickets treated with the octopamine receptor antagonist epinastine, or with the ␣-adrenoceptor and octopamine receptor antagonist phentolamine, but not with the ␤-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. The idea that activity-specific induction of the octopaminergic system underlies other forms of experiencedependent plasticity of aggressive motivation in insects is discussed.

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“…In locusts, hemolymph OA concentrations more than double after exposures to heat stress (Davenport and Evans, 1984). The source of increased hemolymph OA is probably from ganglionic OA-immunoreactive dorsal unpaired median and ventral unpaired median neurons of the ventral ganglia (Stevenson and Spörhase-Echmann, 1995;Duch et al, 1999;Bräunig and Burrows, 2004). The vast majority of these neurons have peripheral release sites, although central release sites for OA in the MTG have been reported (Watson, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Octopamine Mediates Thermal Preconditioning of the Locust Ventilatory Central Pattern Generator via a cAMP/Protein Kinase A Signaling Pathway

Armstrong

Shoemaker²,

Money³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

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We investigated the role of biogenic amines in generating thermoprotection of the ventilatory motor pattern circuitry in Locusta migratoria. Levels of octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA) in the metathoracic ganglion decreased during heat stress. We measured the thermosensitivity of central pattern generation in response to a ramped increase of temperature in semi-intact preparations. OA, DA, and tyramine (TA) were either bath applied or injected into the locust hemocoel 4 -8 h before testing. Neither TA nor DA modified the thermotolerance of ventilatory motor pattern generation. However, OA treatment by bath applications (10 Ϫ4 M OA) or by injections into the hemocoel (2 g/10 l OA) mimicked heat shock preconditioning and improved the thermotolerance of the motor pattern by increasing the failure temperature and by decreasing the time taken to recover operation after a return to room temperature. Heat shock-induced thermoprotection was eradicated in locusts preinjected with epinastine (Oct␤R antagonist). Neuropil injections of the cAMP agonist and protein kinase A (PKA) activator, Sp-cAMPs, both conferred thermoprotection in control locusts and rescued thermoprotection in epinastine-treated HS locusts. Similar injections of the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPs blocked the thermoprotective effect of bath-applied OA. Octopamine-mediated thermoprotection was also abolished with neuropil injections of cycloheximide or actinomycin D, indicating a requirement for transcription and translation. We conclude that OA has a crucial role in triggering protein synthesisdependent physiological adaptations to protect CNS function during heat stress by activating a cAMP/PKA pathway.

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Localization of octopaminergic neurones in insects

Cited by 125 publications

References 63 publications

Review of octopamine in insect nervous systems

Review of octopamine in insect nervous systems

Octopamine and Experience-Dependent Modulation of Aggression in Crickets

Octopamine Mediates Thermal Preconditioning of the Locust Ventilatory Central Pattern Generator via a cAMP/Protein Kinase A Signaling Pathway

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