Localization of acetylcholinesterase in chick retina during histogenesis

Shen, Shih‐Chang; Greenfield, Phyllis; Boell, E. J.

doi:10.1002/cne.901060211

Cited by 111 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…DISCUSSION In a beautifully illustrated article Zacks (13) described the localization of AcChoEase in the early chicken embryo. Since then, there appeared a series of studies concerning the localization of the ChoEases in the retina and in the tectum (14)(15)(16). In contrast to these previous studies, the purpose of this article is not so much to describe a final histological situation but rather to outline different and complementary developmental principles of the localization of the ChoEases, suggesting possible roles of these enzymes during early morphogenesis.…”

Section: Gradients Of Acchoease and Btchoease Activities Duringmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition to this inside-out-sequence, there is a developmental sequence from the center to the periphery in the lateral plane of the retina, correlating well with results observed by a variety of methods concerning the general spatiotemporal waves of differentiation. Maturation starts close to the center of the retina, in its temporal half, spreading from there to the periphery (14,17,18 Neurobiology: lAyer via a complex developmental pathway, which includes regression of activity in certain layers. The same is true for the tectum, although its development is more complex.…”

Section: Gradients Of Acchoease and Btchoease Activities Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparative localization of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase during morphogenesis of the chicken brain.

Layer¹

1983

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

119

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The histochemical localization of specific acetylcholinesterase (AcChoEase) and nonspecific cholinesterase (BtChoEase) is described during the early morphogenesis of the whole chicken head with main emphasis on the visual system. It is found that: (i) Expression of AcChoEase is an early differentiation event in the entire brain. Its pattern of first appearance on the external part of the neuroepithelium correlates with the general spatio-temporal pattern of differentiation. AcChoEase thus represents an early differentiation marker. (ii) The late pattern of AcChoEase (at E18), reflecting at least partially the distribution of synaptic AcChoEase shows no direct correlation to the distributions found at early stages when synapses are not yet formed. This argues for a nonsynaptic function of the early appearing AcChoEase. (iii) BtChoEase in early nervous tissue is diffusely localized on the ventricular side of the neural tube. At later stages it becomes concentrated on the ependymal layer as well as along fibers reaching from this inner layer outwards. Minor activities appear in specific external layers of tectum and retina. (iv) During the course of differentiation the enzymes express pronounced graded distributions within the areas where they are detectable. (v) Mesenchymal and epidermal BtChoEase is abundant in the entire head. Prominent amounts of activity are expressed on the rostral epidermis, along the eye cup next to the sclera, and on the rostro-dorsal surrounding of the optic nerves. The results are discussed in the light of possible morphogenetic functions of these enzymes.Buznikov (1) and other investigators (2, 3) suggested possible morphogenetic roles of neurotransmitters and their related protein systems during early embryogenesis -.g., a role for these molecules in addition to synaptic transmission. Evidence from various species suggests very early embryological functions of the cholinergic system (see . In addition to the present search for an embryological and nonsynaptic role of acetylcholinesterase (AcChoEase), there is also increasing interest in attempting to further understand the independence or relationship (or both) of the functions of the enzymes AcChoEase (EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BtChoEase) (EC 3.1.1.8). For the two enzymes, different distributions as well as different sensitivities to eye enucleation were found in the lateral geniculate body and the striate cortex of the adult macaque monkey (11).In the present investigation I have studied the localization* of both enzymes within the whole developing head of the chicken embryo, with main emphasis on the visual system, by using the Karnovsky-Roots technique (12). It is shown how early patterns of AcChoEase and BtChoEase distribution evolve, how they form spatio-temporal concentration gradients and biochemical compartments, and how they interchange into their final patterns (as late as E18) during development. Some general principles derived from these results suggest that cholinesterases may be directly involved in...

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Section: Gradients Of Acchoease and Btchoease Activities Duringmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Gradients Of Acchoease and Btchoease Activities Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative localization of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase during morphogenesis of the chicken brain.

Layer¹

1983

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

119

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“…The vertebrate retina provides a model system for synapse formation because synaptic circuits may be assembled with relatively few types of cells and because cultured neurons dissociated from retina form synapses in profusion in vitro (1,2). Biochemical (3)(4)(5)(6)(7), histological (8,9), and electrophysiological (10-13) evidence strongly suggests that acetylcholine (ACh) functions as a neurotransmitter in the retina. Developmental and histological studies of chicken retina acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7 AChE) (8), ACh (14), choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) (2), and nicotinic ACh receptors (15,16) have been reported.…”

Section: Abstracimentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the developing retina.

Sugiyama¹,

Daniels²,

Nirenberg³

1977

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Six- and 13-day chicken embryo retinas contain 10 and 320 fmol per mg of protein of specific binding sites for 3-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, a ligand of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Most of the receptors of 13-day embryo retina were found, by autoradiography, to be localized in two sharp bands within the inner synaptic layer of the retina. In the adult, the receptors were found almost exclusively in three bands in the inner synaptic layer of the retina. A possible mechanism for generating sets of stratified or columnar neurons and relating one set to another is proposed.

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“…Although ChAT-immunoreactive cells were observed in the pigeon ION (9), Sorenson and co-workers (8) failed to demonstrate cholinergic cells in the chick ION. Several reports have shown evidence in the retina of such elements of the cholinergic system as ChAT (10,11) and nAChR and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) (12)(13)(14)(15), the latter including proteins and mRNAs of all three mAChR subtypes (16). Recently, immunohistochemistry has been used to study cellular expression of mAChR in chick retina (17,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the retinal centrifugal system of the chick

Calaza

Gardino

2000

Braz J Med Biol Res

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In this study we characterize the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) of chicks by immunohistochemistry with the M35 antibody. Some M35-immunoreactive fibers were observed emerging from the retinal optic nerve insertion, suggesting that they could be centrifugal fibers. Indeed, intraocular injections of cholera toxin B (CTb), a retrograde tracer, and double-labeling with M35 and CTb in the ION confirmed this hypothesis. The presence of M35-immunoreactive cells and the possible mAChR expression in ION and ectopic neuron cells in the chick brain strongly suggest the existence of such a cholinergic system in this nucleus and that acetylcholine release from amacrine cells may mediate interactions between retinal cells and ION terminals.

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Localization of acetylcholinesterase in chick retina during histogenesis

Cited by 111 publications

References 10 publications

Comparative localization of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase during morphogenesis of the chicken brain.

Comparative localization of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase during morphogenesis of the chicken brain.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the developing retina.

Evidence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the retinal centrifugal system of the chick

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