Localization and quantification of Pb and nutrients in Typha latifolia by micro-PIXE

Abstract

Typha latifolia is a plant species widely used for phytoremediation. Accumulation, localization and distribution of Pb and mineral nutrients were investigated in roots, rhizomes and leaves of Typha latifolia grown at 0, 50, 100 and 250 μM Pb concentrations in a pot experiment under controlled conditions. Bulk elemental concentrations were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy whereas micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE) was used for element localization in root and rhizome tissues. Gradual increase in bulk Pb concentrations was observed in Typha latifolia roots and rhizomes treated with increasing Pb concentrations, however in rhizomes Pb concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than in roots. In leaves Pb concentrations were around the limit of detection for XRF (~20 μg g(-1)). An increase in concentration of K and Ca in roots, rhizomes and leaves, of iron and zinc in roots and leaves, and of Mn in rhizomes was observed either at 50 and/or 100 μM Pb treatments, whereas for K and Ca in roots, rhizomes and leaves, Fe and Zn in roots and leaves and Mn in rhizomes, or at 250 μM Pb treatment the increase was seen for concentrations of Fe and Zn in rhizomes and Cu in roots. Mn concentrations decreased with Pb treatments in roots and leaves. Element localization using micro-PIXE analysis demonstrated Pb accumulation in epidermal and cortical tissues of treated roots and rhizomes, while in endodermis and vascular tissues Pb was not detected. A displacement of Ca from epidermal to cortical tissues was observed in Pb treated roots and rhizomes, pointing to cell wall immobilization of Pb as one of the tolerance mechanisms in Typha latifolia. High level of colocalization of Pb with P (r = 0.60), S (r = 0.37) and Zn (r = 0.70) was observed in Pb treated roots, while in rhizomes colocalization with the mentioned elements was still positive, but not that prominent. These results indicate that Pb may form complexes with phosphorus and sulfur compounds in roots and rhizomes, which may also represent attraction sites for binding Zn. Because of its large root and rhizome surface area acting as main sites for Pb adsorption, Typha latifolia may represent potentially efficient plant species for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soils and waters.

Pattern of iron distribution in maternal and filial tissues in wheat grains with contrasting levels of iron

“…Micro-PIXE measurements and data analysis of grain sections were performed using nuclear microprobe at Jožef Stefan Institute as described previously (Vogel-Mikuš et al , 2008, 2009; Lyubenova et al , 2012). A proton beam with the energy of 2.5 MeV, 400 pA, and the size of 1.5×1.7 μm 2 was raster scanned across the square-shaped area of selected size.…”

Colocalization of low-methylesterified pectins and Pb deposits in the apoplast of aspen roots exposed to lead

“…For example, Pb was bound to the ligno-cellulosic fraction in roots of Juglans regia L. (Marmiroli et al, 2005). In Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., Pb was deposited in the CW as chloropyromorphite crystals (Kopittke et al, 2008), whereas in Thypha latifolia L. root tissues (mainly rhizodermis and cortex cells) Pb was colocalized with phosphorus and sulphur suggesting that Pb may form complexes with these elements (Lyubenova et al, 2012). Furthermore, recent results have indicated that the ability of isolated CWs to bind trace metals in vitro is much lower than in vivo (Guigues et al, 2014).…”

Revealing changes in molecular composition of plant cell walls on the micron-level by Raman mapping and vertex component analysis (VCA)

“…Due to the complex nature of plant cell walls knowledge on chemical composition as well as the structural arrangement at the different hierarchical levels (tissue, cell-micro and nano-level) is of importance as all together influence the properties. To reveal chemical information fast within the native cell wall different spectroscopy approaches have been developed (e.g., McCann et al, 1992; Oliveira et al, 2009; Robinson and Mansfield, 2009; Krongtaew et al, 2010; Lyubenova et al, 2012; Abidi et al, 2014). In combination with microscopy especially Confocal Raman imaging evolved as an important tool as molecular vibrations are monitored in context with the cell wall structure and thus the organization of components within the native wall of single cells is revealed (Agarwal, 2006; Gierlinger and Schwanninger, 2007; Gierlinger, 2011; Sun et al, 2011a; Gierlinger et al, 2013).…”