Localised Single-Station Lightning Detection by Using TOA Method

Abstract

Lightning is an electrical discharge during storms that can be monitored continuously from certain distances. It can be either within clouds (intra cloud), or between clouds and the ground (cloud-ground). There are various techniques used nowadays to locate lightning, and to determine various parameters produced from lightning. Each technique provides its own claimed performances. This paper attempts to provide instantaneous detection of lightning strike lightning location using the Time of Arrival (TOA) method of a single detection station (comprises of four antennas). It also models the whole detection system using suitable mathematical equations so as to give some understanding on the differences between the measured and calculated (theoretical) results. The measurement system is based on the application of mathematical and geometrical formulas. Several parameters such as the distance from the radiation source to the station and the lightning path are significant in influencing the accuracy of the results (elevation and azimuth angles). The role of each parameter is examined in detail using Matlab. This study solved the resultant non-linear equations by Newton-Raphson techniques. Methods to determine the radiation source which include the exact coordinate of a given radiation source in 3-dimensions were also developed. Further clarifications on the cause of errors in the single-station TOA method and techniques to reduce the errors are given.

Robust Localization for Robot and IoT Using RSSI

“…From Equation (16), estimation of distance of B-R4 when multiplying 1.5 × 10 −2 (m) can be calculated;…”

“…Typically, the following three significant algorithms have been used for localization: range-based [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], range-free [24], and the fusion of a range-free and range-based [25]. In order to calculate the node location, this paper focuses on the range-based algorithm.…”

“…There are a number of representative range-based methods, including time of arrival (TOA) [16][17][18][19], received signal strength intensity (RSSI) [20,21], weighted centroid-locating algorithm [22], time difference of arrival (TDOA) [23], angle of arrival (AOA) [24], phase of arrival (POA) [25], and so on [26].…”

“…The main cause of an error is multipath fading, and that occurs because there is no security for the line of sight (LOS). However, this error is not larger than the RSSI error, and the method has been proposed to solve this problem [16]. Table 1 shows the comparison of root mean square (RMS) error value after this paper tested each algorithm, including the weighted centroid-locating algorithm, the RSSI locating algorithm, and the TOA-locating algorithm, with 3 nodes for 6 times and 100 times by computer simulation.…”

Modeling of Time of Arrival Method for Lightning Locating Systems

“…One important modeling aspect is on the lightning detection and localization using various sensing techniques. Several attempts [1,[17][18][19][20] had been previously carried out to numerically model this aspect of lightning. There are many available methods to detect and localize lightning.…”