Local renin–angiotensin system and the brain—A continuous quest for knowledge

Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin; Campos, Luciana Aparecida; Bäder, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2011.02.008

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Also this finding is consistent with the results of other studies indicating that an increase of NO production and reduction in arterial blood pressure and glomerular filtration in kidneys may enhance active renin production through the kidneys (14,22,23). After blood pressure reduction, glomerular filtration reduction is the strongest and the main mechanism of physiological stimulation of active renin production through the kidneys (24)(25)(26). Besides, increasing of PRA is one the most important factors that activates renin angiotensin system and leads to hypertension in the long term (24)(25)(26).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Alignment of these changes in response to angiotensin I and angiotensin II indicates that the process of response to angiotensin II at the receptor's level and or mediation in response at the receptor or post-receptor levels may be affected by garlic powder. Also angiotensin II in addition to vessels can change blood pressure and heartbeat by affecting the central nervous system (24,36). This part of the findings is confirmed by garlic's effects on arterial blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…After blood pressure reduction, glomerular filtration reduction is the strongest and the main mechanism of physiological stimulation of active renin production through the kidneys (24)(25)(26). Besides, increasing of PRA is one the most important factors that activates renin angiotensin system and leads to hypertension in the long term (24)(25)(26). Therefore, it is alarming for people with normal blood pressure and long term and excessive consumption of garlic and again it reminds about the principle of balance in the diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Garlic Powder Effect on Plasma Renin Activity, and Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II in Normotensive and Hypertensive Male Rats

Vahidinia¹,

Heshmatian²,

Salehi³

et al. 2015

Avicenna J Med Biochem

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Background: Hypertension is amongst major health issues in developed countries, which results in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Garlic plays an important role in the reduction of hypertension. Objectives: The aim of the this study was to investigate the effect of consumption of garlic powder on blood pressure and renin angiotensin system in a nitric oxide deficiency hypertension model in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (200 -250 g) were randomly divided to four groups as follows: normotensive, normotensive-garlic, hypertensive and hypertensive-garlic. Oral N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was used to induce hypertension. Normotensive-garlic and hypertensive-garlic groups were fed 900 mg of garlic powder daily by oral gavage for forty-five days. At the beginning of the experiments, systolic blood pressure was measured. Immediately after the end of the experimental procedure animals were anaesthetized by pentobarbital, blood samples were collected and, after injection of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and captopril, blood pressure was re-measured. Plasma renin activity was also measured. Results: At the beginning and at the end of experiments, systolic blood pressure was higher in the hypertensive groups than the normotensive group. However, at the end of the study, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were higher in the hypertensive groups than the normotensive group. Angiotensin I level was low in the normotensive group whereas plasma renin activity was high in the hypertensive group. After different doses of injection of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, mean arterial pressure was significantly increased in the normotensive-garlic and the hypertensive-garlic groups, respectively. By using captopril, mean arterial pressure and its changes were not significant after injection of different doses of angiotensin I in different groups. Conclusions: Garlic powder consumption can reduce blood pressure, yet in this model, it did not have an effect on the interaction between renin angiotensin system and nitric oxide inhibition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Garlic Powder Effect on Plasma Renin Activity, and Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II in Normotensive and Hypertensive Male Rats

Vahidinia¹,

Heshmatian²,

Salehi³

et al. 2015

Avicenna J Med Biochem

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“…25 Brain RAS is involved in development of hypertension, heart failure and kidney failure. [26][27][28] In brain, over expression of ACE-Ang II type 1 receptor was reported in cardiovascular diseases, which leads to increase the sympathetic outflow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This contention is supported by the research of other laboratories that brain renin angiotensin system is involved in development of hypertension, kidney failure and heart failure. [26][27][28]51,52 Central infusion of renin inhibitor i.e. aliskerin significantly decreases the blood pressure and inhibit sympathetic overactivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Brain Angiotensin (1-7) In Chronic Hyperglycaemia Induced Nephropathy in Wistar Rats

Shakya¹,

Goyal²,

Semwal³

et al. 2017

IJPER

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Objective: Ang (1-7) recognised as a biologically active component of renin angiotensin system (RAS). It has been documented that peripheral activity of Ang (1-7) gets reduced during diabetic nephropathy (DN) which is one of the most common cause of end stage renal disease. Peripheral activity of RAS is regulated by brain RAS. The purpose of present study is to investigate the role of brain angiotensin (1-7) in chronic hyperglycemia induced nephropathy in wistar rats. Material and methods: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is induced by single dose of alloxan (120 mg/kg: i.p.). The biochemical parameters related to DN was estimated using commercially available kits. Results: Diabetic rat, after 8 weeks of alloxan administration shows elevated serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, protein in urine, kidney weight/body weight and deceased level of serum nitrite. However, intracerebroventricular treatment with Ang (1-7) (4.8 µg/day) and valsartan (100 nmol/ day) (which do not cross blood brain barrier) alone and combination of Ang (1-7) and valsartan for 2 weeks markedly attenuated these changes and increased serum nitrite in DN induced rats. Conclusion: The finding of this study suggests that brain Ang (1-7) play a vital role in controlling the peripheral activity of RAS in diabetic nephropathy which may be due to the decreased central sympathetic outflow and peripheral activity of Ang II.

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The brain renin–angiotensin system: a diversity of functions and implications for CNS diseases

Wright

Harding

2012

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

188

145

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The classic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was initially described as a hormone system designed to mediate cardiovascular and body water regulation, with angiotensin II as its major effector. The discovery of an independent local brain RAS composed of the necessary functional components (angiotensinogen, peptidases, angiotensins, and specific receptor proteins) significantly expanded the possible physiological and pharmacological functions of this system. This review first describes the enzymatic pathways resulting in active angiotensin ligands and their interaction with AT(1), AT(2), and AT(4) receptor subtypes. Next, we discuss the classic physiologies and behaviors controlled by the RAS including cardiovascular, thirst, and sodium appetite. A final section summarizes non-classic functions and clinical conditions mediated by the brain RAS with focus on memory and Alzheimer's disease. There is no doubt that the brain RAS is an important component in the development of dementia. It also appears to play a role in normal memory consolidation and retrieval. The presently available anti-dementia drugs are proving to be reasonably ineffective, thus alternative treatment approaches must be developed. At the same time, presently available drugs must be tested for their efficacy to treat newly identified syndromes and diseases connected with the RAS. The list of non-classic physiologies and behaviors is ever increasing in both number and scope, attesting to the multidimensional influences of the RAS. Such diversity in function presents a dilemma for both researchers and clinicians. Namely, the blunting of RAS subsystems in the hopes of combating one constellation of underlying causes and disease symptoms may be counter-balanced by unanticipated and unwanted consequences to another RAS subsystem. For example, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and AT(1) and/or AT(2) receptor blockers have shown great promise in the treatment of cardiovascular related pathologies; however, their use could negate the cerebroprotective benefits offered by this system.

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Local renin–angiotensin system and the brain—A continuous quest for knowledge

Cited by 42 publications

References 77 publications

Garlic Powder Effect on Plasma Renin Activity, and Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II in Normotensive and Hypertensive Male Rats

Garlic Powder Effect on Plasma Renin Activity, and Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II in Normotensive and Hypertensive Male Rats

Role of Brain Angiotensin (1-7) In Chronic Hyperglycaemia Induced Nephropathy in Wistar Rats

The brain renin–angiotensin system: a diversity of functions and implications for CNS diseases

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