Local provincialism of late Permian plant–arthropod associations in South Cathaysia: Evidence of arthropod-mediated damages in a Wuchiapingian assemblage of South China

Plant interactions with arthropods and pathogens at Sanzenbacher Ranch, early Permian of Texas, and implications for herbivory evolution in Southwestern Euramerica

“…Piercing-and-sucking damage in Gondwanan floras overwhelmingly targeted of glossopterid foliage and to a lesser extent lycophyte microphylls (Cariglino, 2018;Edirisooriya et al, 2018;Fernańdez and Chiesa, 2019). By contrast, damage on Cathaysian floras was documented on cycadophytes and gigantopterids (Feng et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2023). Damage has been noted in Late Pennsylvanian plant assemblages of Euramerica (Donovan and Lucas, 2021), occurrences of which have matched the expansion of this functional feeding group mentioned at the end of the Pennsylvanian (Xu et al, 2018).…”

“…Hole feeding has been reported in Gondwanan plant assemblages, present in leaves of Cordaites, Gangamopteris spp., Glossopteris spp., and Botrychiopsis sp (Adami-Rodrigues et al, 2004;Pinheiro et al, 2012;Gallego et al, 2014;Pinheiro et al, 2015;Cariglino, 2018;Edirisooriya et al, 2018). Reports of hole feeding in Cathaysian plant assemblages mention considerable hole-feeding on gigantopterid foliage (Liu et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2023), while other taxa were less representative in hole feeding. For Euramerican plant assemblages, such as those in Texas and New Mexico, hole feeding occurs in abundance.…”

“…Surface feeding is present in Gondwanan plant assemblages, and this type of damage is present on Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, Sphenophyllum, and Euryphyllum (Pinheiro et al, 2012;Gallego et al, 2014;Cariglino, 2018;Fernańdez and Chiesa, 2019). There also are occurrences of surface feeding from Cathaysian plant assemblages on Pecopteris, Nemejcopteris, Pterophyllum, and Taeniopteris (Feng et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2023). For Euramerica, two Late Pennsylvanian plant assemblages have surface feeding damage on Annularia, Alethopteris, Comia, Lilpopia, Macroneuropteris, Neuropteris, Pseudomariopteris, Sigillaria, and Sphenopteridium (Xu et al, 2018;Donovan and Lucas, 2021).…”

“…Several authors have reported ovipositional damage from the Gondwanan Glossopteris flora, particularly on Euryphyllum, Gangamopteris, Glossopteris, and Kladistamuos (Adami- Rodrigues et al, 2004;Prevec et al, 2009;McLoughlin, 2011;Srivastava and Agnihotri, 2011;Pinheiro et al, 2012;Cariglino and Gutieŕrez, 2011;Gallego et al, 2014;Cariglino, 2018;Edirisooriya et al, 2018;Fernańdez and Chiesa, 2019). For the Cathaysian flora, authors have reported ovipositional damage in calamitaleans, gigantopterids, and cycadophytes (Feng et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2023). There are reports of oviposition scars in Pursongia and Phylladoderma for the Angaran flora (Vassilenko, 2011;Vassilenko and Karasev, 2020).…”

“…In Gondwanan deposits, galls are present especially from the late Permian on sphenopsids, ferns, and glossopterids (Adami-Rodrigues et al, 2004;McLoughlin, 2011;Pinheiro et al, 2012;Cariglino, 2018;Fernańdez and Chiesa, 2019). The presence of galls in the Cathaysian flora ranges from the early to late Permian on sphenophytes, ferns, noeggerathialeans, gigantopterids, and cycadophytes (Liu et al, 2020;Feng et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2023). A variety of galls have been documented in Euramerican plant assemblages from the Middle Devonian to the middle Permian on sphenopsids, ferns, gigantopterids, medullosans, callipterids, and cycadophytes.…”