Local Probing of Ferroelectric and Ferroelastic Switching through Stress‐Mediated Piezoelectric Spectroscopy

Edwards, David; Brewer, Steven J.; Cao, Ye; Jesse, Stephen; Chen, Lei; Kalinin, Sergei V.; Kumar, Amit; Bassiri‐Gharb, Nazanin

doi:10.1002/admi.201500470

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In the piezo-response mode, a high frequency AC voltage superimposed at on a time variant DC bias voltage is applied to the conductive tip, causes the oscillation of electric dipoles in ferroelectric domains. They oscillate with the same frequency as the applied voltage 17 . The PFM tip as first-harmonic´s resonant contact signal through the tip-sample interaction can detect the amplitude and phase of this oscillation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Local piezo-response for lead-free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 electro-ceramic by switching spectroscopy

et al. 2018

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The purpose of this work is to determine the effective piezoelectric coefficient (d 33 ) and the macro ferroelectric hysteresis behavior for the Ba 0.9 Ca 0.1 Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1 O 3 (BCZT). The sample was prepared by the modified Pechini method and it was sintered at 1250 ºC for 5 h. The refinements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns obtained by the Rietveld method suggest a slight degree of tetragonality (c/a = 1.0025) in the perovskite structure. High counting statistics was performed in the two-dimensional grazing incidence 2D-GIXRD characterization by using synchrotron radiation. These results and the Raman spectrum analysis support the XRD interpretation. The morphology reveals a non-homogeneous terrace-type shape with a grain size distribution centered at 13 microns. The switching spectroscopy piezo-response force microscopy was used to obtained the effective d 33 = 142 pm/V. The soft ferroelectric hysteresis shows a coercive field H c = 1.3 kV/cm with a saturation polarization P s = 15.7 µC/cm 2 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Local piezo-response for lead-free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 electro-ceramic by switching spectroscopy

et al. 2018

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated phase transitions in BFO and PZT through application of nanoscale stress via an AFM tip due to alteration of the energies associated with stabilizing the different phases. Therefore, a systematic nanoindentation characterization of the BFO films was performed to reveal the impact of nanoscale stress on the evolution of the microstructure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed studies of the effects of electric field on mixed phase BFO have previously been performed using scanning probe microscopy, revealing both R → T and T → R phase transitions . The advent of band excitation piezoresponse force spectroscopy (BEPS) has enabled the collection of nanoscale piezoelectric hysteresis loops and detailed study of the accompanying phase transitions . While electric field is relatively simple to exert on the nanoscale via an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, it has been challenging to achieve controlled stress‐induced phase transitions in a typical AFM setup.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While electric field is relatively simple to exert on the nanoscale via an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, it has been challenging to achieve controlled stress‐induced phase transitions in a typical AFM setup. Recently, however, nanoscale phase transitions have been achieved in mixed phase BFO and PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 (PZT) by precise control of forces applied through the AFM tip. When combined with BEPS, this approach can allow for elucidation of the contributions of ferroelastic switching and ferroelectric switching to the overall hysteretic response, as we have previously demonstrated in PZT films .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, however, nanoscale phase transitions have been achieved in mixed phase BFO and PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 (PZT) by precise control of forces applied through the AFM tip. When combined with BEPS, this approach can allow for elucidation of the contributions of ferroelastic switching and ferroelectric switching to the overall hysteretic response, as we have previously demonstrated in PZT films . Here, we follow a similar approach and perform BEPS as a function of force (up to ≈1 µN) applied to the sample surface via the AFM tip.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revealing the Interplay of Structural Phase Transitions and Ferroelectric Switching in Mixed Phase BiFeO₃

Naden

Edwards

Neumayer

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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the R3c space group [6] with polarization along the 〈111〉 c pseudocubic directions. [7] When grown on substrates with large inplane compressive strain (≈<-4.5%), [8] very thin BFO films can adopt a monoclinic unit cell that is approximately tetragonal (T) [8] with polarization along the 〈001〉 c pseudocubic axes. For thicknesses above ≈60 nm, the T-like phase becomes less favorable and there is a relaxation of the unit cell toward a more rhombohedral configuration. [8] This results in a mixed crystallographic phase microstructure, with alternating T-and R-like regions, as revealed by X-ray diffraction [9,10] and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). [10] The strain-driven phase competition gives rise to an effective morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), similar to those commonly observed in solid solutions such as PbZr x Ti 1−x O 3 . In MPB materials, the different structural phases are separated by small energetic barriers, making them susceptible to phase transitions when subjected to external stimuli such as temperature, [11] electric field, [2] and mechanical stress. [12,13] Intriguingly, it is possible to deterministically and reversibly alter the phase population in BFO by application of electric field and nanoscale stress, [2,9,[14][15][16][17][18] thereby opening up a new route to further tune the hysteretic response during switching. However, challenges still remain in understanding the precise nature of the interplay of structural transitions and stress-mediated ferroelectric switching and the overall effect of this meshing of phenomena on the functional properties of the film. Such understanding could be pivotal to the development of future technological applications, such as pressure-sensors, photoresistive, [19] or magnetoelectronic devices, [1] exploiting the enhanced properties that can accompany the mixed phase microstructure and its tuning through different stimuli.Detailed studies of the effects of electric field on mixed phase BFO have previously been performed using scanning probe microscopy, revealing both R → T and T → R phase transitions. [2,3,9] The advent of band excitation piezoresponse force spectroscopy (BEPS) [20] has enabled the collection of nanoscale piezoelectric hysteresis loops [20] and detailed study of the accompanying phase transitions. [21,22] While electric field is relatively simple to exert on the nanoscale via an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, it has been challenging to achieve controlled stress-induced phase transitions in a typical AFM setup.Epitaxially strained BiFeO 3 thin films with coexisting tetragonal-and rhombohedral-like phases exhibit a range of intriguing functional properties, often strongly related to the unique microstructure of the film. Here enhancements in electromechanical response are reported during simultaneous nanoscale application of electric field and localized stress. These enhancements manifest in the form of peaks, or humps, in the piezoresponse hysteresis loops obtained under a select polarity of applied electric field, correspond...

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Direct Imaging of the Relaxation of Individual Ferroelectric Interfaces in a Tensile‐Strained Film

Cao

Somnath

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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and due to slight difference in crystal structure, electronic structure, and strain states compared with the domains, are capable of exhibiting unique phenomena ranging from enhanced or suppressed conductivity, [4][5][6] to enhanced magnetoelectric coupling. [7,8] Given their energy cost, walls are typically unstable under applied fields [9] and will move, leading to marked enhancement of macroscopic material properties, such as dielectric, [10,11] piezoelectric, and electrooptic/electroacoustic coefficients. [6,[12][13][14][15][16] While much is known about domain wall contributions to macroscopic functionalities, the local dynamic behavior of domain walls at length scales approaching those of the distance between pinning centers (approximately nm length scales) remains difficult to access with experimental techniques, although recent advances in in situ transmission electron microscopy have greatly expanded the experimental capabilities. [17][18][19][20] The movement of domain walls is typically modeled as the motion of an elastic interface through a distribution of pinning centers, with such behavior implicated in observed phenomena such as creep, where walls are thermally activated across local energy barriers created through the pinning potential landscape, [21][22][23] domain wall roughening, [23,24] and faceting [25,26] (from changes to the shape of the domain wall from ideality), the dependence of the susceptibility on the driving field (Rayleigh behavior for the linear case, where Understanding the dynamic behavior of interfaces in ferroic materials is an important field of research with widespread practical implications, as the motion of domain walls and phase boundaries are associated with substantial increases in dielectric and piezoelectric effects. Although commonly studied in the macroscopic regime, the local dynamics of interfaces have received less attention, with most studies limited to domain growth and/or reversal by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Here, spatial mapping of local domain wall-related relaxation in a tensile-strained PbTiO 3 thin film using time-resolved band-excitation PFM is demonstrated, which allows exploring of the field-induced strain (piezoresponse) as a function of applied voltage and time. Through multivariate statistical analysis on the resultant 4-dimensional dataset (x,y,V,t) with functional fitting, it is determined that the relaxation is strongly correleated with the distance to the domain walls, and varies based on the type of domain wall present in the probed volume. Phase-field modeling shows the relaxation behavior near and away from the interfaces, and confirms the modulation of the z-component of polarization by wall motion, yielding the observed piezoresponse relaxation. These studies shed light on the local dynamics of interfaces in ferroelectric thin films, and are therefore important for the design of ferroelectric-based components in microelectromechanical systems.

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Local Probing of Ferroelectric and Ferroelastic Switching through Stress‐Mediated Piezoelectric Spectroscopy

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Local piezo-response for lead-free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 electro-ceramic by switching spectroscopy

Local piezo-response for lead-free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 electro-ceramic by switching spectroscopy

Revealing the Interplay of Structural Phase Transitions and Ferroelectric Switching in Mixed Phase BiFeO₃

Direct Imaging of the Relaxation of Individual Ferroelectric Interfaces in a Tensile‐Strained Film

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Local Probing of Ferroelectric and Ferroelastic Switching through Stress‐Mediated Piezoelectric Spectroscopy

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Local piezo-response for lead-free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 electro-ceramic by switching spectroscopy

Local piezo-response for lead-free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 electro-ceramic by switching spectroscopy

Revealing the Interplay of Structural Phase Transitions and Ferroelectric Switching in Mixed Phase BiFeO3

Direct Imaging of the Relaxation of Individual Ferroelectric Interfaces in a Tensile‐Strained Film

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Revealing the Interplay of Structural Phase Transitions and Ferroelectric Switching in Mixed Phase BiFeO₃