Local population disappearance follows (20 yr after) cycle collapse in a pivotal ecological species

Barnes, David K. A.; Verling, Emma; Crook, Anne C.; Davidson, Ian; O'Mahoney, Maria

doi:10.3354/meps226311

Cited by 45 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…However, Irish populations of P. lividus along the Atlantic spawn at lower temperatures (11.58-168C [Byrne 1990]) and no data were presented to indicate that long-term temperature patterns in Lough Hyne had changed. Population decline has resulted from prolonged recruitment failure, but it remains unclear whether the decline in P. lividus in Lough Hyne is solely due to reduced sea surface temperatures affecting spawning (Barnes et al 2002). Consequences of the local extinction of P. lividus for the ecology of the Lough are also unknown; a phase shift toward higher macroalgal biomass has not been reported.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some areas this decline is equivalent to a population decrease of over 12 population-halvings (Fig. 2), and in 2001 and 2002 P. lividus was considered to be locally extinct (Barnes et al 2002). The populations elsewhere in the Lough also declined, but a remnant population still existed in 2001 (Verling et al 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(B) Paracentrotus lividus in the south basin of Loch Hyne. Data were recalculated from an original graph in Barnes et al (2002), including data from Muntz et al (1965), Kitching (1987), and Barnes et al (2001).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A boom–bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of density variations in echinoderms

Uthicke

Schaffelke

Byrne

2009

Ecological Monographs

369

245

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Abstract. Echinoderms play a key role in structuring many marine ecosystems and are notorious for large population density variations in so-called ''outbreak'' or ''dieoff'' events. In a review of this phenomenon, we assess the causal factors and ecological and evolutionary consequences. We identified 28 species (6 Asteroidea, 8 Echinoidea, 10 Holothuroidea, 4 Ophiuroidea) that exhibit large (more than two population doublings or halvings) population density changes. Three generalized patterns were identified and named for exemplary species:(1) rapid decreases followed by no or slow recovery (Diadema-Paracentrotus Model), (2), rapid increase and apparent stability at a new population density (Amperima-Amphiura Model), and (3) population density fluctuations (Acanthaster-Asterias Model). Echinoderms identified were distributed from the shallow intertidal to the deep sea, and from tropical to temperate regions. In most cases, significant impacts on the respective ecosystems were observed. The most striking similarity among all species identified was possession of the ancestral-type planktotrophic larva. This larval type was significantly overrepresented in species identified within the Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and for the combined data set. We suggest three main factors that render a life history with planktotrophic larvae a high-risk-high-gain strategy: (1) a strong nonlinear dependency of larval production on adult densities (Allee effects), (2) a low potential for compensatory feedback mechanisms, and (3) an uncoupling of larval and adult ecology. The alternative (derived) lecithotrophic larva occurs in 68% of recent echinoderm species, suggesting an evolutionary trend toward this larval type. Lecithotrophic development represents a more buffered life history because compensatory feedback between adult densities and larval output is likely to be more efficient. For lecithotrophic developers, direct nutritive coupling from adult to larva to the early benthic juvenile provides a buffer against starvation. Lecithotrophic larvae are independent of the vagaries of planktonic food supply, and their short planktonic duration may promote local recruitment. Anthropogenic influences contributed to the population density variations in most cases, including increased primary productivity through eutrophication or global change, disease, overfishing, and species introductions. We suggest that anthropogenic disturbance, through its influence on the frequency and/or amplitude of echinoderm population density changes, may go beyond present ecosystem impacts and alter future evolutionary trends.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A boom–bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of density variations in echinoderms

Uthicke

Schaffelke

Byrne

2009

Ecological Monographs

369

245

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“…Barnes et al (2001) demonstrated a correlation between mass spawning events and variable sea surface temperatures (SSTs), which themselves are governed and influenced by large-scale climatic processes such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However this correspondence between population size and ENSO-controlled SSTs deteriorated during the early 1980s, so it is unlikely to explain the ultimate collapse of the population (Barnes et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The population of P. lividus has been in decline in Lough Hyne since 1979 (Barnes et al 2002) and is now almost entirely absent from the upper layer of rocks, surviving at much lower densities amongst boulder scree. Whilst our results show significant declines in the abundance of this important grazer, they do not support the hypothesis that the species has become locally extinct, but that it ap pears to be ecologically extinct (sensu Estes et al 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine reserve designation, trophic cascades and altered community dynamics

O’Sullivan¹,

Emmerson

2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Marine ecosystems and their associated populations are increasingly at risk from the cumulative impacts of many anthropogenic threats that increase the likelihood of species extinction and altered community dynamics. In response, marine reserves can be used to protect exploited species and conserve biodiversity. The increased abundance of predatory species in marine reserves may cause indirect effects along chains of multi-trophic interactions. These trophic cascades can arise through direct predation, density-mediated indirect interactions (DMIIs), or indirect behavioural effects, termed trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs). The extent of algal cover and the abundance of 4 primary consumers were determined in Lough Hyne, which was designated Europe's first marine nature reserve in 1981. The primary consumers were the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the topshell Gibbula cineraria, the oyster Anomia ephippium, and the scallop Chlamys varia. The abundances of 3 starfish species (Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, and Asterina gibbosa) were also determined, as were 2 potential crustacean predators, Necora puber and Carcinus maenas. These data were compared with historical data from a 1962 (prey) and a 1963 (predator) survey to determine the nature of community interactions over adjacent trophic levels. The present study reveals a breakdown in population structure of the 4 surveyed prey species. Marine reserve designation has led to an increase in predatory crabs and M. glacialis, a subsequent decrease in primary consumers, especially the herbivore P. lividus, and an increase in macroalgal cover which is indicative of a trophic cascade. The study shows that establishing a Marine Reserve does not guarantee that conservation benefits will be distributed equally. KEY WORDS: Trophic cascades · Trait mediated indirect interactions · Marine reserves · Paracentrotus lividusResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Echinoderms: Their Culture and Bioactive Compounds

Kelly

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology

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Of the five extant classes of echinoderms, it is the sea urchins (Echinoidea) and the sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) that are both commercially fished and heavily overexploited. In sea urchins, it is the gonad of both males and females, normally referred to as 'roe', that is a sought-after food. In the sea cucumber, the principal product is the boiled and dried body-wall or 'bêche-de-mer' for which there is an increasing demand. Many sea urchin and sea cucumber fisheries still have no management system or restrictions in place, and for those that do, the prognosis for catches to continue even at a reduced level is poor. Cultivation of these species increasingly becomes a necessity, both for stock enhancement programs and as a means to meet market demand. Sea urchin culture has been practised on a large scale in Japan for many decades, and effective methods for the culture and reseeding of species in these waters have been long established. Juvenile urchins are produced in their millions in state-sponsored hatcheries, for release to managed areas of seafloor. Outside of Japan, sea urchin cultivation is still a fairly recent practice, less than 10 years old, and largely still at a research level, although a range of species are now being produced in a variety of different culture systems. It is essential that the culture systems are adapted to be species-specific and meet with local environmental constraints. Sea cucumber cultivation originated in Japan in the 1930s and is now well established there and in China. Methods for mass cultivation of the tropical Holothuria scabra are now well established and practised in India, Australia, Indonesia, the Maldives and the Solomon Islands, with the focus of the research effort for both temperate and tropical species being centred on the production of juveniles in hatcheries for the restoration and enhancement of wild stocks. Like many other marine organisms, echinoderms have been, and continue to be, examined as a source of biologically active compounds with biomedical applications. Sea cucumber has been valued in Chinese medicine for hundreds of years as a cure for a Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology Subseries Marine Molecular Biotechnology V. Matranga (Ed.

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Local population disappearance follows (20 yr after) cycle collapse in a pivotal ecological species

Cited by 45 publications

References 10 publications

A boom–bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of density variations in echinoderms

A boom–bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of density variations in echinoderms

Marine reserve designation, trophic cascades and altered community dynamics

Echinoderms: Their Culture and Bioactive Compounds

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