“…Impacts on livelihoods, varying between project-affected people and between indicators (access to natural resources, health, financial income, food security, infrastructure, extent of physical and economic displacement; Knoblauch et al 2014, Fielding et al 2015, Yengoh et al 2015a,b, Marfurt et al 2016, Millar 2016a. Reduced livelihood resilience due to loss of access to natural resources (e.g., oil palms), increased dependence on financial income and functioning local markets, dependence on one large-scale investment project, labor scarcity during growing and harvesting seasons, and reduced adaptability of newly formalized land rights (Fielding et al 2015, Marfurt et al 2016, Millar 2016a Economic downturn of project operations in 2015 (SiLNoRF and BfA 2016). Unclear effects on biodiversity, water quality and quantity, and carbon stocks (Fielding et al 2015).…”