“…Actors of North African arid regions have experimented a large set of innovations which also contributed to above-mentioned irrigated agroecosystem dynamics. The innovations included: 1) water use and management (e.g., groundwater recharge, reuse of treated waste water, drip irrigation, Naouri et al, 2017); 2) farming practices (e.g., agro-ecology or organic practices) and agricultural value chains (e.g., certification, Benziouche, 2017); 3) new modes of governance and organisation of territories (e.g., local development organisations, new modes of intervention of public actors and donors, Hamamouche et al, 2022).…”