“…However, Linton, McVay, and Bloomquist (1988) and Klotz and Coop (2002) demonstrated that, despite the use of LE, specimens may still be subjected to some end restraint and may still develop strain nonuniformities, which in turn affect both the local and global determinations of the specimen's volumetric behavior. Recent experiments using digital image processing methods (Liu, Longtan, and Xiaoxia 2013) confirmed that deformations in a triaxial soil specimen were more uniform in the middle region when compared to the entire specimen, and that using measurements from this region was more effective in eliminating the effects of end restraint than the use of LE platens.…”