Local and chemical distribution of phlorotannins in brown algae

Shibata, Toshiyuki; Kawaguchi, Shigeo; Hama, Yoichiro; Inagaki, Michio; Yamaguchi, Kuniko; Nakamura, Takashi

doi:10.1023/b:japh.0000047781.24993.0a

Cited by 144 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Flavonoids absorb UVR with maximum effectiveness around 295 nm (Stapleton and Walbot 1994;Landry et al 1995). Among Laminariales phlorotannins are accumulated within the outer cortical layer of the thalli (Lu¨der and Clayton 2004;Shibata et al 2004) supporting their role as effective UV screens (Arnold 2003). The absorption spectra presented here show an increasing absorbance from 300 nm to the shorter UV-C waveband comparable to that of isolated phlorotannins from Fucus gardneri Silva exhibiting a peak at 265 nm (Henry and van Alstyne 2004).…”

Section: Fw)supporting

confidence: 51%

Thallus morphology and optical characteristics affect growth and DNA damage by UV radiation in juvenile Arctic Laminaria sporophytes

Roleda

Wiencke

Hanelt³

2005

Planta

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Growth of young sporophytes of the brown algae Laminaria digitata, L. saccharina and L. solidungula from Spitsbergen were measured in the laboratory after being exposed for 21 days to either photosynthetically active radiation (PAR=P) or to full light spectrum (PAR + UV-A + UV-B=PAB) using of cutoff glass filters. The plants were grown at 8±2°C and 16 h light : 8 h dark cycles with 6 h additional ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure in the middle of the light period. Growth was measured every 10 min using growth chambers with online video measuring technique. Tissue morphology and absorption spectra were measured in untreated young sporophytes while chlorophyll (Chl) a content and DNA damage were measured in treated thalli at the end of the experiment. In all species, growth rates were significantly higher in sporophytes exposed to P alone compared to sporophytes exposed to PAB. Tissue DNA damage is dependent on thallus thickness and absorption spectra characteristics of pigments and UVabsorbing compounds. In sporophytes exposed to UVR, energy demands for repair of DNA damage and synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds for protection effectively diverts photosynthate at the expense of growth. Photosynthetic pigment was not significantly different between treatments suggesting a capacity for acclimation to moderate UVR fluence. The general growth pattern in sporophytes exposed to P alone showed an increasing growth rate from the onset of light (0500-0900 hours) to a peak at the middle of the light phase (0900-1500 hours), a decline towards the end of the light phase (1500-2100 hours) and a minimum ''low'' growth in the dark (2100-0500 hours) relative to growth during the entire light phase. Under PAB, different growth patterns were observed such as growth compensation at night in L. digitata, delayed growth recovery in L. saccharina and minimal but continuous growth in L. solidungula. Growth as an integrative parameter of all physiological processes showed that the effect of UVR is correlated to the depth distribution of these species.

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Section: Fw)supporting

confidence: 51%

Thallus morphology and optical characteristics affect growth and DNA damage by UV radiation in juvenile Arctic Laminaria sporophytes

Roleda

Wiencke

Hanelt³

2005

Planta

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“…EC is an edible brown seaweed distributed in coastal areas of Korea and Japan. 25) The amount of EC produced per year in Korea is more than 30000 tons, 26) and EC is popular as an ingredient of functional foods and traditional medicines in Japan and Korea. An EC extract has recently been used in the United States as a commercial dietary supplement because of its antioxidative activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive Effects on the Central Nervous System and Underlying Mechanism of the Enzymatic Extract and Its Phlorotannin-Rich Fraction fromEcklonia cavaEdible Brown Seaweed

Cho

Han

Kim

et al. 2012

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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“…Here the higher consumption of fresh reproductive material might be explained by constraints due to physiological changes that must occur when the tissue transforms from vegetative to reproductive. Furthermore, the reproductive structures are known to decay and be shed oV after releasing spores (F. Tala, personal communication), which might expose the undefended inner parts (Tugwell and Branch 1989;Shibata et al 2004) of the blade (medulla) to amphipod grazers. Possibly, the spores themselves might be easily consumed and digested by crustacean mesograzers, a situation observed in interactions between red algae and micro-grazers (Buschmann and Santelices 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It must be emphasized that synthesis and allocation of phlorotannins in brown algae are complex and require further examination. Since the production of soluble phlorotannins is almost exclusively a function of cortex cells (Shibata et al 2004) and thus, a large proportion of the blade tissues do not contain phlorotannins, some microand mesograzers might be able to distinguish the diVerent tissue types, feeding mainly on the phlorotannin-free zones in, e.g., the reproductive tissues of L. nigrescens.…”

Section: Palatability Of Pellets and The Role Of Phlorotanninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific defense strategies of vegetative versus reproductive blades of the Pacific kelps Lessonia nigrescens and Macrocystis integrifolia

et al. 2008

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Chemical defense is assumed to be costly and therefore algae should allocate defense investments in a way to reduce costs and optimize their overall Wtness. Thus, lifetime expectation of particular tissues and their contribution to the Wtness of the alga may aVect defense allocation. Two brown algae common to the SE PaciWc coasts, Lessonia nigrescens Bory and Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, feature important ontogenetic diVerences in the development of reproductive structures; in L. nigrescens blade tissues pass from a vegetative stage to a reproductive stage, while in M. integrifolia reproductive and vegetative functions are spatially separated on diVerent blades. We hypothesized that vegetative blades of L. nigrescens with important future functions are more (or equally) defended than reproductive blades, whereas in M. integrifolia defense should be mainly allocated to reproductive blades (sporophylls), which are considered to make a higher contribution to Wtness. Herein, within-plant variation in susceptibility of reproductive and vegetative tissues to herbivory and in allocation of phlorotannins (phenolics) and N-compounds was compared. The results show that phlorotannin and N-concentrations were higher in reproductive blade tissues for both investigated algae. However, preferences by amphipod grazers (Parhyalella penai) for either tissue type diVered between the two algal species. Fresh reproductive tissue of L. nigrescens was more consumed than vegetative tissue, while the reverse was found in M. integrifolia, thus conWrming the original hypothesis. This suggests that future Wtness function might indeed be a useful predictor of anti-herbivore defense in large, perennial kelps. Results from feeding assays with artiWcial pellets that were made with air-dried material and extract-treated Ulva powder indicated that defenses in live algae are probably not based on chemicals that can be extracted or remain intact after airdrying and grinding up algal tissues. Instead, anti-herbivore defense against amphipod mesograzers seems to depend on structural traits of living algae.

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Local and chemical distribution of phlorotannins in brown algae

Cited by 144 publications

References 25 publications

Thallus morphology and optical characteristics affect growth and DNA damage by UV radiation in juvenile Arctic Laminaria sporophytes

Thallus morphology and optical characteristics affect growth and DNA damage by UV radiation in juvenile Arctic Laminaria sporophytes

Depressive Effects on the Central Nervous System and Underlying Mechanism of the Enzymatic Extract and Its Phlorotannin-Rich Fraction fromEcklonia cavaEdible Brown Seaweed

Species-specific defense strategies of vegetative versus reproductive blades of the Pacific kelps Lessonia nigrescens and Macrocystis integrifolia

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