Lobster and cod benefit from small-scale northern marine protected areas: inference from an empirical before–after control-impact study

Moland, Even; Olsen, Esben Moland; Knutsen, Halvor; Garrigou, Pauline; Espeland, Sigurd Heiberg; Kleiven, Alf Ring; André, Carl; Knutsen, Jan Atle

doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2679

Cited by 103 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…For species with spawning or feeding migrations outside reserves, the strength of selection for increased site fidelity decreases with the amount of the life cycle protected by reserves (Miethe et al 2011). Providing circumstantial empirical support for this theory, increased site fidelity in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) can explain the observed increases in density and body size in reserves compared with harvested areas despite expectations for a high degree of connectivity across locations (Moland et al 2013). More directly, some tagging studies have shown decreased movement in reserves (e.g., see the sidebar, Long-Term Field Study: A Temperate Example).…”

Section: Protection Selectivitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Marine reserves can enhance ecological resilience

Barnett

Baskett

2015

Ecology Letters

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Here we review the population, community, and evolutionary consequences of marine reserves. Responses at each level depend on the tendency of fisheries to target larger body sizes and the tendency for greater reserve protection with less movement within and across populations. The primary population response to reserves is survival to greater ages and sizes plus increases in the population size for harvested species, with greater response to reserves that are large relative to species' movement rates. The primary community response to reserves is an increase in total biomass and diversity, with the potential for trophic cascades and altered spatial patterning of metacommunities. The primary evolutionary response to reserves is increased genetic diversity, with the theoretical potential for protection against fisheries-induced evolution and selection for reduced movement. The potential for the combined outcome of these responses to buffer marine populations and communities against temporal environmental heterogeneity has preliminary theoretical and empirical support.

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Section: Protection Selectivitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Marine reserves can enhance ecological resilience

Barnett

Baskett

2015

Ecology Letters

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“…In 2012, Norway's first no-take marine reserve was established in the Tvedestrand fjord between our Arendal and Risør study sites, spanning 1.5 km 2 of the inner fjord habitat and including a major cod spawning and nursery area (Ciannelli et al 2010). Marine reserves are generally not considered for highly migratory species such as Atlantic cod, but what we now know about movement and dispersal of Skagerrak coastal cod suggests that even a relatively small reserve could be an effective conservation tool in this region, protecting sedentary adults from harvest (see also Moland et al 2013). However, any spill-over benefits to fishers outside the reserve will de pend on relative dispersal rates of eggs and larvae into and out of the reserve (Botsford et al 2003), which likely vary among inshore versus exposed areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat effects on population connectivity in a coastal seascape

Rogers¹,

Olsen²,

Knutsen³

et al. 2014

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Knowing how population connectivity varies across heterogeneous habitats can provide insight into the mechanisms underlying population structuring, and ultimately help to inform conservation and management actions. We studied whether the spatial extent of connectivity in coastal Atlantic cod Gadus morhua varied with coastal topography, hypothesizing that connectivity during all life stages would be greater among open, exposed habitats compared to sheltered, fjord-like habitats. We tested this hypothesis using (1) an extensive mark-recapture data set to analyze movements of age 1+ cod along a gradient from inshore (sheltered) to offshore (exposed) habitats, and (2) an analysis of demographic dependence (recruitment synchrony) among exposed versus sheltered areas using a 93 yr spatially explicit time series of juvenile (age-0) abundance. We found that habitat did have a significant effect on both the scale of recruitment synchrony and movement distances, both of which were greater in exposed regions relative to sheltered. However, even in open habitats, tagged cod were highly sedentary, and connectivity among regions due to movement of age 1+ individuals was exceptionally low. Thus, despite likely differences among habitats in dispersal of egg and larval stages, older cod were highly site-attached regardless of habitat. These results highlight how physical habitat interacts with behavior to determine the scale of population structuring in marine fishes.

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“…before-after control-impact; e.g. Moland et al 2013) are required to properly demonstrate the impacts of lobster stocking (Ellis et al 2015a).…”

Section: Implications For Fisheries Management and Hatchery Stockingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic structure in European lobsters: implications for connectivity, diversity and hatchery stocking

Ellis¹,

Hodgson²,

Daniels³

et al. 2017

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The European lobster Homarus gammarus is a marine crustacean prized for seafood, but populations across its range are threatened by fishery overexploitation. The species' larval stages are planktonic, suggesting considerable dispersal among populations. The potential threats of overexploitation and erosion of population structure due to hatchery releases or inadvertent introductions make it important to understand the genetic structuring of populations across multiple geographic scales. Here we assess lobster population structure at a fine scale in Cornwall, southwestern UK, where a hatchery-stocking operation introduces cultured individuals into the wild stock, and at a broader European level, in order to compare the spatial scale of hatchery releases with that of population connectivity. Microsatellite genotypes of 24 individuals from each of 13 locations in Cornwall showed no fine-scale population structure across distances of up tõ 230 km. Significant differentiation and isolation by distance were detected at a broader scale, using 300 additional individuals comprising a further 15 European samples. Signals of genetic heterogeneity were evident between an Atlantic cluster and samples from Sweden. Connectivity within the Atlantic and Swedish clusters was high, although evidence for isolation by distance and a transitional zone within the eastern North Sea suggested that direct gene exchange between these stocks is limited and fits a stepping-stone model. We conclude that hatchery-reared lobsters should not be released where broodstock are distantly sourced but, using Cornwall as a case study, microsatellites revealed no evidence that the normal release of hatchery stock exceeds the geographic scale of natural connectivity.

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Lobster and cod benefit from small-scale northern marine protected areas: inference from an empirical before–after control-impact study

Cited by 103 publications

References 45 publications

Marine reserves can enhance ecological resilience

Marine reserves can enhance ecological resilience

Habitat effects on population connectivity in a coastal seascape

Population genetic structure in European lobsters: implications for connectivity, diversity and hatchery stocking

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