Loads as a Resource: Frequency Responsive Demand

Characterization of residential distributed energy resource potential to provide ancillary services

“…Fast response (Fast Resp)-ability to respond in seconds up to 5 min. This response encompasses primary and secondary frequency response 3 . "Fast Response" of difference devices is analyzed and assigned one of three levels (High, Med, Low) in Table 1 based on analysis presented below the table; 3.…”

“…As shown in Table 1, most devices can provide fast response needed for primary frequency response. Any device could be equipped with sensors and intelligence to monitor grid frequency and to drop load in the event of a frequency drop [3], [69]. This approach for engaging small DER for primary frequency response may become more important as DER replace large generators which are currently relied on for primary frequency response.…”

Loads as a Resource: Frequency Responsive Demand

“…The optimal controller gains were determined based on decentralized robust control theory, while the switching probabilities of individual TCLs were designed using Markov chain models. In FY14, this control strategy was further extended in [2] so that only local frequency measurements are required and the topology of the power system network can be fully respected. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated by large-scale simulation studies on the WECC system using PowerWorld Simulator.…”

“…In particular, the performance of the GFAs was evaluated in terms of the response time, geographical location, and penetration level. In FY14, the feasibility of using the GFA controller to provide primary frequency response was investigated in [2]. In particular, the impacts of GFAs on the system frequency response were analyzed by examining the curtailing frequency threshold, which determines the capability of GFAs in providing frequency response.…”

“…In FY15, the original Grid Friendly TM Appliance (GFA) control logic was first extended to develop a new Frequency Responsive Load (FRL) controller that can autonomously respond to both under-and over-frequency events. Then, a simple decentralized control strategy was derived based on the improved design proposed in [2]. Although it enabled autonomous response, which is critical for frequency response, the effectiveness of the decentralized control strategy is limited due to several practical factors.…”