Loading rate effects on the R-curve behavior of cortical bone

Kulin, Robb M.; Jiang, Fengchun; Vecchio, Kenneth S.

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.027

Cited by 48 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…For example, using quasi-static conditions, some of the earlier studies done on bovine or equine bone reported an increase in initiation fracture resistance measured as energy absorption or critical stress intensity factor with increasing strain rates up to a certain level after which a decrease was observed (Piekarski, 1970; Crowninshield and Pope, 1974; Robertson and Smith, 1978; Behiri and Bonfield, 1980, 1984; Evans et al, 1992). More recent investigations also reported similar trends where fracture toughness in bovine and equine bone (Adharapurapu et al, 2006; Charoenphan and Polchai, 2007; Kulin et al, 2008; Kulin et al, 2010; Kulin et al, 2011) and energy to fracture in human cortical bone (Zioupos et al, 2008) decreased with increasing strain rate. The only study that measured the propagation toughness at a high strain rate reported the loading rate effects on the R-curve behavior of equine cortical bone (Kulin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…More recent investigations also reported similar trends where fracture toughness in bovine and equine bone (Adharapurapu et al, 2006; Charoenphan and Polchai, 2007; Kulin et al, 2008; Kulin et al, 2010; Kulin et al, 2011) and energy to fracture in human cortical bone (Zioupos et al, 2008) decreased with increasing strain rate. The only study that measured the propagation toughness at a high strain rate reported the loading rate effects on the R-curve behavior of equine cortical bone (Kulin et al, 2010). This study showed that although the bone exhibited increasing fracture toughness with crack propagation under both quasi-static and dynamic loading, the propagation toughness was lower in the dynamic loading compared to the quasi-static case.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

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The effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone: A finite element study

Ural

Zioupos

Buchanan

et al. 2011

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Evaluating the mechanical response of bone under high loading rates is crucial to understanding fractures in traumatic accidents or falls. In the current study, a computational approach based on cohesive finite element modeling was employed to evaluate the effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone. Two-dimensional compact tension specimen models were simulated to evaluate the change in initiation and propagation fracture toughness with increasing strain rate (range: 0.08 to 18 s−1). In addition, the effect of porosity in combination with strain rate was assessed using three-dimensional models of microcomputed tomography-based compact tension specimens. The simulation results showed that bone’s resistance against the propagation of fracture decreased sharply with increase in strain rates up to 1 s−1 and attained an almost constant value for strain rates larger than 1 s−1. On the other hand, initiation fracture toughness exhibited a more gradual decrease throughout the strain rates. There was a significant positive correlation between the experimentally measured number of microcracks and the fracture toughness found in the simulations. Furthermore, the simulation results showed that the amount of porosity did not affect the way initiation fracture toughness decreased with increasing strain rates, whereas it exacerbated the same strain rate effect when propagation fracture toughness was considered. These results suggest that strain rates associated with falls lead to a dramatic reduction in bone’s resistance against crack propagation. The compromised fracture resistance of bone at loads exceeding normal activities indicates a sharp reduction and/or absence of toughening mechanisms in bone during high strain conditions associated with traumatic fracture.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

The effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone: A finite element study

Ural

Zioupos

Buchanan

et al. 2011

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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“…The lower plasticity at the nanoscale also influences the extrinsic crack growth behavior as the heterogeneous structure, which normally interferes with crack growth, appears more mechanically homogeneous. 20,38 Although more studies are required to understand the fracture resistance of bone under physiological loading conditions, the current understanding of bone's resistance to fracture provides a starting framework to study the effects of aging and disease, where fractures can occur with minimal trauma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fracture mechanics of human bone: influence of disease and treatment

2015

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Aging and bone diseases are associated with increased fracture risk. It is therefore pertinent to seek an understanding of the origins of such disease-related deterioration in bone's mechanical properties. The mechanical integrity of bone derives from its hierarchical structure, which in healthy tissue is able to resist complex physiological loading patterns and tolerate damage. Indeed, the mechanisms through which bone derives its mechanical properties make fracture mechanics an ideal framework to study bone's mechanical resistance, where crack-growth resistance curves give a measure of the intrinsic resistance to the initiation of cracks and the extrinsic resistance to the growth of cracks. Recent research on healthy cortical bone has demonstrated how this hierarchical structure can develop intrinsic toughness at the collagen fibril scale mainly through sliding and sacrificial bonding mechanisms that promote plasticity. Furthermore, the bone-matrix structure develops extrinsic toughness at much larger micrometer length-scales, where the structural features are large enough to resist crack growth through crack-tip shielding mechanisms. Although healthy bone tissue can generally resist physiological loading environments, certain conditions such as aging and disease can significantly increase fracture risk. In simple terms, the reduced mechanical integrity originates from alterations to the hierarchical structure. Here, we review how human cortical bone resists fracture in healthy bone and how changes to the bone structure due to aging, osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency and Paget's disease can affect the mechanical integrity of bone tissue.

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“…We adopted the analysis of Ref. [18], and the solution of the problem was expressed in terms of a Bessel function. The resulting dispersion relation has been solved numerically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vuong and Hellmich 17 illustrated Bone fibrillogenesis and mineralization: Quantitative analysis and implications for tissue elasticity. Kulin et al 18 studied the problem of the loading rate effects on the R-curve behavior of cortical bone. Grimal et al 19 discussed the problem of two-parameter model of the effective elastic tensor for cortical bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rotation on Mechanical Waves Propagation in a Dry Long Bone

Abd-Alla¹,

Abo‐Dahab²

2014

Jnl of Comp & Theo Nano

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The dynamic of a dry long bone that has been modeled as a hollow cylinder of crystal class 6 is investigated. This work presents the analytic solution of mechanical wave propagation in a long bone. A dry long bone is considered as a transversely isotropic hollow cylinder, for stress wave a flexural mode for n = 1 2. The frequency equation for dry bone is obtained when the boundaries are stress free and is examined numerically. Wave propagation in the intact bone model was first investigated and comparison was then made with a simplified geometry using dispersion curve of the cylinder tube. Then, the effect of rotation on the propagation characteristic was examined. It was shown that the dispersion curves of guided waves was significantly influenced by the rotation of the bone. The results indicate that the effect of rotation is very pronounced.

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Loading rate effects on the R-curve behavior of cortical bone

Cited by 48 publications

References 65 publications

The effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone: A finite element study

The effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone: A finite element study

The fracture mechanics of human bone: influence of disease and treatment

Effect of Rotation on Mechanical Waves Propagation in a Dry Long Bone

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