Load management on a municipal water treatment plant

Leveraging thewater‐energynexus to derive benefits for the electric grid throughdemand‐sidemanagement in the water supply and wastewater sectors

“…Thus, operational modifications of critical equipment might increase the risk for maintaining water quality which remains a major barrier for DR participation by water utilities (Aghajanzadeh, Wray, & Mckane, 2015; Bunn, 2008; Y. Liu et al, 2020; M. Schäfer, 2020). Economic uncertainties of DR program participation: The operation and maintenance costs associated with the flexible operation of system processes and frequent interruptions of process equipment are not well known (Aghajanzadeh & Therkelsen, 2019; Barán, Von Lücken, & Sotelo, 2005; Els, Pelzer, & Schutte, 2015). Given that the costs of enabling DR programs in the water sector can be high (Kiliccote et al, 2016; Shoreh et al, 2016), there is still a lot of uncertainty in regards to the economic returns of DR program participation (M. Schäfer, 2020).…”

“…Although large water storage capacities can offer great potential for flexibility, the challenges related to water aging in water distribution systems (i.e., deterioration of water quality between the water treatment plant and water customer's tap) have to be addressed, especially for longer periods of storage (Bunn, 2008; Gang Liu et al, 2017). Other issues such as pump cavitation, water hammering, and increased maintenance, which might follow changes in system operation, have been raised by site operators (Els et al, 2015). These possible consequences can be identified and addressed using advanced water quality and energy monitoring and control systems like EWQMS.…”

Cost-Optimal Flexibilization of Drinking Water Pumping and Treatment Plants

“…Restricting the frequency of starting and stopping, i.e., when the model is shifted from one power consumption point to another, s up and s down , as in Equations (11) and (12), limit the wear and tear of the pumps to a maximum frequency s up max and s down max , as shown in Equations (13) and (14):…”

“…Although their electricity demand may not be comparable to that of production industries, they are equipped with extensive water reservoirs and thus have considerable load shifting potential. Despite the large DSM potential in this sector, few studies have analyzed how to perform load management be pursued in this field [11][12][13][14]. Most of the research focused on improving the energy efficiency in water supply systems [15][16][17].…”