Load Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power Plants with Integrated Wind Resources

Abstract

To provide a more practical method of controlling the frequency and tie-line power flow of a multi-area interconnected power system (MAIPS), a state observer based on sliding mode control (SOboSMC) acting under a second-order time derivative is proposed. The proposed design is used to study load frequency control against load disturbance, matched and mismatched uncertainty and parameter measurement difficulties of power systems that exist in the modern power plant, such as multi-area systems integrated with wind plants. Firstly, the state observer is designed to optimally estimate system state variables. The estimated states are applied to construct the model of the MAIPS. Secondly, a SOboSMC is designed with an integral switching surface acting on the second-order time derivative to forcefully drive the dynamic errors to zero and eliminate chattering, which can occur in the first-order approach to sliding mode control. In addition, the stability of the total power system is demonstrated with the Lyapunov stability theory based on a new linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique. To extend the validation of the proposed design control for practical purposes, it was tested in a New England system with 39 bus power against random load disturbances. The simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed SOboSMC over other recent controllers with respect to overshoot and settling time.

A Fractional Order Tilt Integral Controller Based Load Frequency Control with Dispersed Generation and Electric Vehicle

“…However due to frequency variations, the wind mills connected to current electricity grid gives certain problems. The major concerns in operating wind power plants are issues in MPPT, synchronizing problems, complexity in parameter calculation [7][8][9]. Grid integrated wind mills must meet the same LFC requirements as traditional power stations under any circumstances.…”

“…(7) Where Cp is rotor blades power coefficient, Ap is area rotor boomed area,  is the density of air, V is the velocity of wind.…”

A Methodology for Exploiting Smart Prosumers’ Flexibility in a Bottom-Up Aggregation Process

“…The power system is experiencing a period of major innovations, most of which are caused by the widespread of both grid-scale and behind-the-meter unpredictable renewable energy sources (RES) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). These new elements are leading to lower reliability and increased uncertainty and variability in the electricity generation, with issues both for the electricity market dynamics and the power system security [1]. The latter, indeed, is characterized by a higher probability of instability and, sometimes, needs for RES curtailment due to line congestion [2][3][4].…”