lllicit and Abused Drugs

Kisseberth, William C.; Trammel, Harold L.

doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(90)50035-2

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This pattern resembles enterohepatic barbiturate recycling or intermittent tissue partitioning into their substantial fat reserves 3,18 . Tissue partitioning attenuates the effects of barbiturates and it is possible for the patient to relapse as the drug re-circulates back into the plasma 18 . Gastrointestinal absorption of barbiturate is variable 3 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Onset of clinical signs depends on the route of exposure and the absence or presence of food in the stomach. Affected animals may show clinical signs within 30 minutes but often with the longer-acting barbiturates, the effects might only be seen after an hour 18 . The predominant signs of barbiturate intoxication are profound central nervous system (CNS) depression and anaesthesia 15,18 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypothermia is common. Pulse is normally rapid but weak and respiratory depression might lead to cyanosis and death 3,18 . Barbiturates are excreted as the parent compound and metabolites in the urine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excretion is dependent on urine pH and may be increased 5 to 10 times in alkaline urine through ion trapping 30 . Alkaline diuresis, however, is ineffective with short-acting barbiturates 18 . At the time of serum collection on admission to the OVAH, the barbiturate was at full effect and would have been dissolved in the adipose tissue of the central nervous system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Barbiturate ingestion in three adult captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and concomitant fatal botulism of one : clinical communication

Williams¹,

Bester²,

Venter³

et al. 2011

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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Zoo animals, including tigers, have been reported to suffer from barbiturate intoxication, with pentabarbitone being most commonly recorded. Clinical signs range from mild ataxia to general anaesthesia with recovery over hours to days with several factors affecting hepatic barbiturate metabolism and tissue partitioning. Botulism is an often fatal intoxication in man, animals, birds and certain fish. The occurrence in carnivores is uncommon to rare, with only 2 reports found of botulism in felids. This report relates to 3 adult captive cohabiting tigers that simultaneously developed signs of abdominal discomfort, progressive ataxia, recumbency and comatose sleep resembling stage 2 anaesthesia, alternating with periods of distracted wakefulness and ataxic movements. These signs occurred 4 days after being fed the carcass of a horse that had ostensibly died of colic and not been euthanased. The male tiger that was the dominant animal in the feeding hierarchy was worst affected and had to be given intravenous fluids. The female that was lowest in hierarchy was unaffected. After 48-72 hours of treatment at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital the females could eat and made an uneventful recovery. The male tiger showed partial recovery but died during the night a few hours after drinking water on his return to the owner. Necropsy revealed severe oesophageal dilation and impaction with decaying grass; some of this material and water were present in the pharynx and trachea, and had been aspirated causing acute widespread bronchopneumonia. Colon content tested negative for common pesticides but, together with liver, tested positive for barbiturate. Serum taken on the day of admission had tested negative for barbiturate and the residual serum from the 3 animals later tested negative for botulinum toxin. Colon and oesophageal content from the male at necropsy were positive for Clostridium botulinum toxin type C by the mouse bioassay neutralisation test, confirming that this male had had concomitant barbiturate toxicity and botulism, and had succumbed to aspiration bronchopneumonia secondary to pharyngeal, laryngeal and oesophageal paralysis and oesophageal impaction

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Barbiturate ingestion in three adult captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and concomitant fatal botulism of one : clinical communication

Williams¹,

Bester²,

Venter³

et al. 2011

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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show abstract

“…Although the use of barbiturates by physicians is relatively uncommon, pentobarbital, a short-acting barbiturate, is still routinely used in veterinary medicine for anesthesia, seizure control, and as the primary drug used for euthanasia [1,2]. Domestic animals, wildlife, and zoo animals have been accidentally exposed to pentobarbital and other barbiturates through ingestion of tissue from euthanized animals [2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Unusual Case of Relay Pentobarbital Toxicosis in a Dog

Bischoff

Jaeger

Ebel³

2011

J. Med. Toxicol.

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Sodium pentobarbital and phenytoin are common constituents of veterinary euthanasia solutions in the United States. Relay, or secondary, barbiturate toxicosis has been reported in carnivorous animals that have fed from the carcasses of euthanized livestock. This case report presents barbiturate toxicosis in a dog. A 2-year-old female spayed Australian shepherd presented comatose 2 h after ingesting an unknown substance on the beach. The material was retrieved from the stomach by gastric lavage and visually identified as fish or other animal tissue. The dog recovered with symptomatic and supportive therapy and was released on the third day of hospitalization. Tissue found on the beach near where the dog walked and a urine sample from the dog were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Both samples were positive for pentobarbital and phenytoin. The tissue was consistent with mammalian blubber based on gross and histological examination. Three weeks previously, a juvenile humpback whale had stranded on the beach where the dog had ingested the unknown substance. The whale had been euthanized with a barbiturate solution, necropsied, and removed from the beach. It was not definitively determined that the pentobarbital-containing blubber ingested by the dog was from the euthanized whale, but that was the most likely source. Although attempts were made to remove the whale's remains from the beach, practical considerations made complete removal challenging, if not impossible.

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Cannabis/Marihuana/Hashish

Campbell¹,

Chapman²

2000

Handbook of Poisoning in Dogs and Cats

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Until the end of the 19th century, 90% of all ships' sails... 80% of all mankind's textiles and fabrics... 75-90% of all paper in the world... 70-90% of all rope, twine, and cordage... art canvas, paints, varnishes, and lighting oil... the most commonly used medicines in the world... the most complete and available-to-the-body proteins... a lot of building materials and housing... and a number of relaxational substances... were made from hemp. Jack Herer (2) The plantCannabis belongs to the genus Cannabaa. It comprises only one species, Cannabis sativa, of which there are over a hundred natural varieties. In the past, the many varieties of the plant, which Linnaeus classified as Cannabis sativa in 1753, have caused botanists to argue fiercely about its precise classification. Today it is accepted that there is one original species, Cannabis sativa, from which have come many varieties (Cannabis indica, Cannabis ruderalis, etc.), which are distinguished mainly by the active substances they contain.Cannabis belongs to one of the most highly developed plant families. It uses sunlight more efficiently than any other plant and is a splendid wealth-producing resource that renews itself, thus helping to maintain an ecological balance. It is a self-sown plant, cultivable, fibrous, annual, dioecious (having the male and female flowers on separate plants), capable of being spun, and it produces oil. It looks like a rather erect bush, grows in moist ground under any climatic conditions, and reaches a height of between 1 and 7 metres, depending on the variety grown and on the environmental conditions.(3) The trunk is straight and strong and thickly branched. The leaves are hairy, firm, long-stalked, and palmatisect, with between five and eleven lanceolate, dentate lobes. The male flowers are yellowish green in colour; the female flowers are arranged in characteristic spicate bunches. The seeds are oval, some 4-5 mm long, and contain a thick oil. The uses of cannabisThroughout history, into the early decades of the twentieth century, cannabis was widely and systematically cultivated because of its extremely useful nutritional, therapeutic, and euphoriant properties.(4) A quick look at its many uses will help us to appreciate the real reasons why cannabis was outlawed and to realise which economically powerful groups had a vital interest in seeing the ban imposed and enforced.( 5) NUTRITIONAL VALUE Until the twentieth century, hemp seeds, either ground or whole, were, and in some cases still are, a staple part of many people's diet, for they are a source of high-quality vegetable protein. (6) No other single plant source can compare with the nutritional value of hemp seeds. Both the complete protein and the essential oils contained in hemp seeds are in ideal ratios for human nutrition. Only soybeans contain a higher percentage of protein; however, the composition of the protein in hemp seed is unique in the vegetable kingdom. Sixty-five percent of the proteit content in hemp seed is in the form of globulin edestin.(7) The excep...

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lllicit and Abused Drugs

Cited by 28 publications

References 12 publications

Barbiturate ingestion in three adult captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and concomitant fatal botulism of one : clinical communication

Barbiturate ingestion in three adult captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and concomitant fatal botulism of one : clinical communication

An Unusual Case of Relay Pentobarbital Toxicosis in a Dog

Cannabis/Marihuana/Hashish

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