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Holt, Cheryl L.; Ellis, Jon B.

doi:10.1023/a:1018836923919

Cited by 229 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Regarding older men and women, results reveal that older women are shyer and less able to refuse undesired sexual contacts than older men. These results, although contrary to traditional sexual scripts, are consistent with some gender stereotypes, such as shyness in women (Bem, 1974;Holt & Ellis, 1998) actually show that sexual assertive skills were not traditionally taught to women (Muehlenhard & McCoy, 1991). This is particularly true in the case of Spanish women, who were taught to be "good wives" and comply with their partners' sexual desires in the past (Vázquez García & Moreno Mengíbar, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…More specifically, women have a greater probability of responding "Always" to item 2 ("I feel that I am shy when it comes to sex") compared to men. These results are related with traditional sexual scripts and gender-role stereotypes, in which women are supposed to follow traditionally feminine attributes like being sympathetic or shy (Bem, 1974;Holt & Ellis, 1998) and are encouraged not to talk overtly about sex (Quina, Harlow, Morokoff, Burkholder, & Deiter, 2000). Based on these results, we propose that item 2 should be eliminated from the Spanish version of the HISA, resulting in a 18-item questionnaire, clustered into two different factors: Initation (8 items) and No shyness / Refusal (10 items).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Equivalencia y Baremos del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness Entre Hombres y Mujeres Españoles.

2014

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Título: Equivalencia y Baremos del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness Entre Hombres y Mujeres Españoles.Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la presencia de invarianza de medida y funcionamiento diferencial del ítem de la versión española del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness en función del sexo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.600 mujeres y 1.598 hombres de España, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 84 años. El Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness solo mostró invarianza débil entre hombres y mujeres. El análi-sis de funcionamiento diferencial del ítem mostró que únicamente el ítem 2 ("Creo que soy tímido en el ámbito sexual") mostró funcionamiento diferencial uniforme moderado. De forma más específica, las mujeres tendieron a responder "Siempre" a este ítem de forma más frecuente que los hombres. Los resultados sugirieron eliminar el ítem 2 resultando en una versión final compuesta por 18 ítems agrupadas en dos dimensiones, con buenos índices de fiabilidad tanto para hombres como para mujeres. Los baremos obtenidos para la escala de Inicio y Ausencia de timidez/Rechazo reflejaron la existencia de roles sexuales tradicionales en hombres y mujeres. Palabras clave: Asertividad sexual; Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness; invarianza de medida; funcionamiento diferencial del ítem; baremos. Abstract:The purpose of the present study was to analyze the measurement invariance and differential item functioning of the Spanish version of the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness across gender. The sample was composed of 1,600 women and 1,598 men from Spain, with ages ranging from 18 to 84 years old. The Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness only showed weak invariance for men and women. The differential item functioning analysis showed that only item 2 ("I feel that I am shy when it comes to sex") flagged moderate uniform differential item functioning. More specifically, women tended to respond "Always" to this item more frequently than did men. Results strongly suggested eliminating item 2, resulting in a final version with 18 items clustered into two dimensions with good reliability values for men and women. Standard scores for both Initiation and No Shyness/Refusal reflected traditional sexual scripts for men and women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Equivalencia y Baremos del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness Entre Hombres y Mujeres Españoles.

2014

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“…Femininity and masculinity were not mutually exclusive, given that characters can harbor both feminine and masculine qualities. Although studies have pointed out that social perceptions on femininity and masculinity are evolving (Holt and Ellis 1998), this study incorporated the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Choi and Fuqua 2003) to define the concept of femininity (i.e. ; sympathetic, compassionate, gentle) and masculinity (i.e.…”

Section: Codingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and Race Representation in Casual Games

Wohn

2011

Sex Roles

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This paper examines gender and race representation in casual games through content analysis. Study 1 looks at gender and race representation in a random sample (N=200) of casual games retrieved from the websites of the largest five casual game distributors. Study 2 looks at the most popular games on websites of the same five multinational distributors (N=54) and analyzes how primary characters are portrayed in terms of appearance and personality. Females are overly represented as primary characters but chi-square analyses indicate no significant differences between sexes in terms of how they are portrayed: of note, neither males nor females are depicted in a sexual manner. These results conflict with previous studies of gender representation in game characters: this paper suggests that sampling methodology and the relatively new trend of casual games excluded this subset of games from prior research. Implications are discussed using a social cognitive framework.

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“…Third, while this study attempted to control for a number of individual differences such as masculinity-femininity and self-efficacy, it would be of interest to consider the effects of other pertinent characteristics including extroversion-introversion as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Myers & McCaully, 1985) with regard to helping behavior. In addition, while the measure used to assess gender roles, Bem's Sex-role Inventory (Bem, 1974(Bem, , 1993, has been widely employed, the research has offered evidence that traditional masculine and feminine gender role perceptions may be weakening (c.f., Holt & Ellis, 1998). Consequently, what constitutes the most appropriate measure of gender roles needs to be continually reevaluated.…”

Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Team Demographic Composition on Individual Helping Behavior

Kotlyar¹,

Karakowsky²

2012

PSYCH

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The aim of our laboratory study was to examine how the demographic composition (in terms of gender and culture) of work teams can influence levels of helping behavior demonstrated among group members. Participants included 216 university students from undergraduate business programs in two large North American universities (108 men, 108 women) who were randomly assigned to small groups for the purpose of engaging in business case discussions. Discussions were videotaped in order to observe helping behavior among individuals. Our findings indicated that the numerical minority member (measured in terms of gender or ethnicity) was less likely to engage in the helping activity. These findings suggest that the effects of numerical minority status are not confined to task-performance related behaviors like participation and emergent leadership, but also influence behaviors that involve how members relate to one and other, and whether they engage in helping behavior.

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Cited by 229 publications

References 18 publications

Equivalencia y Baremos del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness Entre Hombres y Mujeres Españoles.

Equivalencia y Baremos del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness Entre Hombres y Mujeres Españoles.

Gender and Race Representation in Casual Games

The Influence of Team Demographic Composition on Individual Helping Behavior

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