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Titanium Oxide Microspheres with Tunable Size and Phase Composition

“…Solubility increases with the increase of c(NaOH), but decreases with the increase of c(H 2 O). Under the observed conditions, 20% to 70% of titanium stays in solution, which is in agreement with [32,46]. The deposition of soluble Ti compounds during drying leads to the formation of monolithic gel, and is the cause for bad sample morphology at high c(NaOH).…”

Synthesis of highly tetragonal BaTiO3 nanopowders by a two-step alkoxide–hydroxide route

“…However, most studies focused on the initial stage of the formation of crystalline BT nanopowders at low temperatures (≤100 • C). Therefore, the BT nanopowders formed by the alkoxide-hydroxide route showed relatively low tetragonality [10][11][12][13][14][15]. For high-capacitance MLCCs, BT nanopowders require a high tetragonality (c/a ≥ 1.008) and a small particle size (≤100.0 nm) in order to form thin dielectric layers (<0.5 m).…”

Kinetic Modeling of Aqueous and Hydrothermal Synthesis of Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)

“…Hertl 18 as well as Kutty and Padmini 19 measured the formation kinetics of BaTiO 3 from TiO 2 (either crystalline 18 or amorphous 19 ) suspended in aqueous Ba(OH) 2 , but the evolution of particle morphology was not investigated. Golubko et al 20 studied the evolution of the Ba/Ti ratio of a titanium hydroxide gel obtained by the hydrolysis of titanium butoxide suspended in aqueous Ba(OH) 2 . Walton et al 21 performed a time-resolved, in situ neutron powder diffraction study and measured the crystallization kinetics of BaTiO 3 at 125-200 °C.…”

“…Similar conclusions were also reported by MacLaren and Ponton. 24 In some of the previous studies, [18][19][20][21][22][23] a kinetic analysis was attempted by means of simple kinetic equations originally proposed for solid-state reactions. However, this approach suffers from a series of limitations.…”