"Living versus Dead": The Pasteurian Paradigm and Imperial Vaccine Research

Chakrabarti, Pratik

doi:10.1353/bhm.2010.0002

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In both the encephalitic and paralytic rabies cases, the duration of survival after the onset of symptoms is rarely greater than 7 days [4]. Until recently, Semple vaccination was the only mode of vaccination in countries such as India, where rabies is relatively common [7,8]. The onset of encephalomyelitis that occurs in some patients as a post-vaccination complication is due to an inflammatory response in the host to brain tissues contained in the Semple vaccine [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative proteomics for identifying biomarkers for Rabies

et al. 2013

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IntroductionRabies is a fatal acute viral disease of the central nervous system, which is a serious public health problem in Asian and African countries. Based on the clinical presentation, rabies can be classified into encephalitic (furious) or paralytic (numb) rabies. Early diagnosis of this disease is particularly important as rabies is invariably fatal if adequate post exposure prophylaxis is not administered immediately following the bite.MethodsIn this study, we carried out a quantitative proteomic analysis of the human brain tissue from cases of encephalitic and paralytic rabies along with normal human brain tissues using an 8-plex isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) strategy.Results and conclusionWe identified 402 proteins, of which a number of proteins were differentially expressed between encephalitic and paralytic rabies, including several novel proteins. The differentially expressed molecules included karyopherin alpha 4 (KPNA4), which was overexpressed only in paralytic rabies, calcium calmodulin dependent kinase 2 alpha (CAMK2A), which was upregulated in paralytic rabies group and glutamate ammonia ligase (GLUL), which was overexpressed in paralytic as well as encephalitic rabies. We validated two of the upregulated molecules, GLUL and CAMK2A, by dot blot assays and further validated CAMK2A by immunohistochemistry. These molecules need to be further investigated in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid in a larger cohort of rabies cases to determine their potential use as antemortem diagnostic biomarkers in rabies. This is the first study to systematically profile clinical subtypes of human rabies using an iTRAQ quantitative proteomics approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative proteomics for identifying biomarkers for Rabies

et al. 2013

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“…Chakrabarti (2012) discusses in detail the various ethical, moral and political debates around scientific research and treatment for rabies in colonial India [19]. It is debatable whether the motives behind the research and development of vaccines and control efforts targeting rabies and other diseases in India were purely altruistic or driven by imperial ambitions and a scientific fascination for tropical illnesses [77,118]. However, it is evident that colonial British governments in India invested time and resources to control rabies (among other diseases) in the country and so the disease could hardly be considered 'neglected' from today's perspective.…”

Section: The Origins Of Its Neglect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dog bites and rabies clearly continued to be major public health concerns in India long after PIs started to save lives from the early 1900s. This is evident from newspaper reports and letters to newspapers from the public [35,39,40,42,93,119,120] as well as official reports and documents of the PIs and the GoI [63,77,121]. Annual reports from the PIs reveal a rapid rise in the number of patients vaccinated against rabies annually.…”

Section: The Origins Of Its Neglect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies as a Public Health Concern in India – A Historical Perspective

Radhakrishnan

Vanak

Nouvellet

et al. 2020

Preprint

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India bears the highest burden of global dog-mediated human rabies deaths. Despite this, rabies is not notifiable in India, and continues to be underprioritized in public health discussions. This review examines the historical treatment of rabies in British India, a disease which has received relatively less attention in the literature on Indian medical history. Human and animal rabies was widespread in British India and treatment of bite victims imposed a major financial burden on the colonial Government of India. It subsequently became a driver of Pasteurism in India and globally and a key component of British colonial scientific enterprise. Efforts to combat rabies led to the establishment of a wide network of research institutes in India and important breakthroughs in development of rabies vaccines. As a result of these efforts, rabies no longer posed a significant threat to the British and it declined in administrative and public health priorities in India towards the end of colonial rule; a decline that has yet to be reversed in modern-day India. The review also highlights features of the administrative, scientific and societal approaches to dealing with this disease in British India which persist to this day.

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“…Post-exposure prophylaxis biologicals and procedures were improved in the ensuing decades. The rabies vaccine was further refined by Emile Roux [ 170 , 175 ], Victor Babes [ 72 ], Follen Cabot [ 176 ], Claudio Fermi, Endre Högyes [ 177 ] and especially David Semple [ 177 , 178 , 179 ]. Babes and M. Lepp in 1889 first described immunity as a correlate of vaccine response and protection, discussed inactivated rabies vaccines and experimentally demonstrated protection of animals by antiserum in 1891 [ 72 , 177 , 180 ].…”

Section: Modern Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure

Tarantola

2017

TropicalMed

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The epitome of the One Health paradigm—and of its shortcomings—rabies has been known to humankind for at least 4000 years. We review the evolution through history of concepts leading to our current understanding of rabies in dogs and humans and its prevention, as transmitted by accessible and surviving written texts. The tools and concepts currently available to control rabies were developed at the end of the 19th Century, including the first live, attenuated vaccine ever developed for humans and the first post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen. No progress, however, has been made in etiological treatment, leaving clinicians who provide care to animals or patients with symptomatic rabies as powerless today as their colleagues in Mesopotamia, 40 centuries ago. Rabies remains to date the most lethal infectious disease known to humans. Widespread access to timely, effective, and affordable PEP in rural areas of developing countries is urgently needed.

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"Living versus Dead": The Pasteurian Paradigm and Imperial Vaccine Research

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

Quantitative proteomics for identifying biomarkers for Rabies

Quantitative proteomics for identifying biomarkers for Rabies

Rabies as a Public Health Concern in India – A Historical Perspective

Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure

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