Living in polluted waters: A meta-analysis of the effects of nitrate and interactions with other environmental stressors on freshwater taxa

Isaza, Daniel F. Gomez; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114091

Cited by 72 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Paparan nitrat dapat sangat mengancam organisme air. Secara keseluruhan, dampak nitrat dan stressor tambahan rumit yang membutuhkan pendekatan holistik untuk lebih melindungi keanekaragaman hayati air tawar dalam menghadapi perubahan global yang sedang berlangsung (Isaza et al, 2020).…”

Section: Metodeunclassified

Refleksi terhadap kewarganegaraan ekologis dan tanggung jawab warga negara melalui program ecovillage

Halimah

Nurul²

2020

j.civics

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This research raises the problem of the Citarum River which is increasingly being neglected even though the Provincial and Regional Governments have conducted various solutions at a significant cost. This should be a concern for us together and the community around the Citarum River Region in particular in general the people of West Java. In addition to the program that was launched, Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten bandung Barat (DLH KBB) created an ecovillage program as a facilitator to the community directly with the aim of changing the mindset so as to maintain a clean and healthy environment. At this time civic responsibility is needed so that the programs organized by the government are successful and efficient. The problem to be examined is how the DLH program and the role of ecovillage in building the Citarum River civic responsibility are in line with the expectations and targets of DLH KBB program. The research method uses a qualitative approach by conducting observations, interviews with related sources both in the office, village head and community who are moving as ecovillage cadres. The results of community research still do not have full participation even to the awareness of civic responsibility due to various factors ranging from mindset, education, even daily work that hinders the success of the program.

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Section: Metodeunclassified

Refleksi terhadap kewarganegaraan ekologis dan tanggung jawab warga negara melalui program ecovillage

Halimah

Nurul²

2020

j.civics

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“…Travers-Trolet et al, 2014;Jackson et al, 2016), with most research still using the appellation of antagonistic to refer to both antagonistic and reversal interactions (e.g. Velasco et al, 2019;Gomez Isaza et al, 2020). If Hedge's d is positive the interaction is classed as synergistic.…”

Section: Determining Of Effect Sizes and Classification Of Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological theory predicts ecosystem stressor interactions in freshwater ecosystems, but highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the additive null model

Burgess

Purves

Mace

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Understanding and predicting how multiple co-occurring environmental stressors combine to affect biodiversity and ecosystem services is an on-going grand challenge for ecology. So far progress has been made through accumulating large numbers of smaller-scale individual studies that are then investigated by meta-analyses to look for general patterns. In particular there has been an interest in checking for so-called ecological surprises where stressors interact in a synergistic manner. Recent reviews suggest that such synergisms do not dominate, but few other generalities have emerged. This lack of general prediction and understanding may be due in part to a dearth of ecological theory that can generate clear hypotheses and predictions to tested against empirical data. Here we close this gap by analysing food web models based upon classical ecological theory and comparing their predictions to a large (546 interactions) dataset for the effects of pairs of stressors on freshwater communities, using trophic- and population-level metrics of abundance, density, and biomass as responses. We find excellent overall agreement between the stochastic version of our models and the experimental data, and both conclude additive stressor interactions are the most frequent, but that meta-analyses report antagonistic summary interaction classes. Additionally, we show that the statistical tests used to classify the interactions are very sensitive to sampling variation. It is therefore likely that current weak sampling and low sample sizes are masking many non-additive stressor interactions, which our theory predicts to dominate when sampling variation is removed. This leads us to suspect ecological surprises may be more common than currently reported. Our results highlight the value of developing theory in tandem with empirical tests, and the need to examine the robustness of statistical machinery, especially the widely-used null models, before we can draw strong conclusions about how environmental drivers combine.

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“…The number of replicates in experiments to investigate stressor interactions rarely reach double figures. As examples, two recent meta-analyses ( Gomez Isaza et al, 2020; Seifert et al, 2020 ) included no experiments with more than six replicates per treatment, while a third ( Burgess et al, 2021 ) found <1% of experiments used more than eight replicates per treatment ( Supplementary Information ). It remains unknown whether increasing current sample sizes would greatly improve the statistical power of the additive null model and potentially lead to fundamental changes in our understanding of how pair of ecosystem stressors interact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are experiment sample sizes adequate to detect biologically important interactions between multiple stressors?

Burgess

Jackson

Murrell

2021

Preprint

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1. Most ecosystems are subject to co-occurring, anthropogenically driven changes and understanding how these multiple stressors interact is a pressing concern. Stressor interactions are typically studied using null models, with the additive and multiplicative null expectation being those most widely applied. Such approaches classify interactions as being synergistic, antagonistic, reversal, or indistinguishable from the null expectation. Despite their wide-spread use, there has been no thorough analysis of these null models, nor a systematic test of the robustness of their results to sample size or sampling error in the estimates of the responses to stressors. 2. We use data simulated from food web models where the true stressor interactions are known, and analytical results based on the null model equations to uncover how (i) sample size, (ii) variation in biological responses to the stressors and (iii) statistical significance, affect the ability to detect non-null interactions. 3. Our analyses lead to three main results. Firstly, it is clear the additive and multiplicative null models are not directly comparable, and over one third of all simulated interactions had classifications that were model dependent. Secondly, both null models have weak power to correctly classify interactions at commonly implemented sample sizes (i.e., ≤6 replicates), unless data uncertainty is unrealistically low. This means all but the most extreme interactions are indistinguishable from the null model expectation. Thirdly, we show that increasing sample size increases the power to detect the true interactions but only very slowly. However, the biggest gains come from increasing replicates from 3 up to 25 and we provide an R function for users to determine sample sizes required to detect a critical effect size of biological interest for the additive model. 4. Our results will aid researchers in the design of their experiments and the subsequent interpretation of results. We find no clear statistical advantage of using one null model over the other and argue null model choice should be based on biological relevance rather than statistical properties. However, there is a pressing need to increase experiment sample sizes otherwise many biologically important synergistic and antagonistic stressor interactions will continue to be missed.

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Living in polluted waters: A meta-analysis of the effects of nitrate and interactions with other environmental stressors on freshwater taxa

Cited by 72 publications

References 84 publications

Refleksi terhadap kewarganegaraan ekologis dan tanggung jawab warga negara melalui program ecovillage

Refleksi terhadap kewarganegaraan ekologis dan tanggung jawab warga negara melalui program ecovillage

Ecological theory predicts ecosystem stressor interactions in freshwater ecosystems, but highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the additive null model

Are experiment sample sizes adequate to detect biologically important interactions between multiple stressors?

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