“Living High-Training Low” improved weight loss and glucagon-like peptide-1 level in a 4-week weight loss program in adolescents with obesity

Abstract

Background:“Living High-Training Low” (LHTL) is effective for the improvement of athletic ability; however, little is known about the effect of LHTL on obese individuals. The present study determined whether LHTL would have favorable influence on body composition, rebalance the appetite hormones, and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods:Adolescents with obesity [body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2] were randomly assigned to “Living Low-Training Low” (LLTL, n = 19) group that slept in a normobaric normoxia condition and the LHTL (n = 16) group slept in a normobaric hypoxia room (14.7% PO2 ∼2700 m). Both groups underwent the same aerobic exercise training program. Morphological, blood lipids, and appetite hormones were measured and assessed.Results:After the intervention, the body composition improved in both groups, whereas reductions in body weight (BW), BMI, and lean body mass increased significantly in the LHTL group (all, P < .05). In the LLTL group, cholecystokinin (CCK) decreased remarkably (P < .05) and CCK changes were positively associated with changes in BW (r = 0.585, P = .011) and BMI (r = 0.587, P = .010). However, in the LHTL group, changes in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, positively correlated with each other (r = 0.708, P = .015) but negatively with BW changes (r = −0.608, P = .027 and r = −0.518, P = .048, respectively).Conclusion:The results indicated that LHTL could induce more weight loss safely and efficiently as compared to LLTL and increase the plasma GLP-1 levels that may be mediated by IL-6 to rebalance the appetite. Thus, an efficient method to treat obesity and prevent weight regain by appetite rebalance in hypoxia condition was established.

Hypoxia, energy balance, and obesity: An update

“…4,92 Following these initial observations, several recent studies compared the effect of exercise training in hypoxia versus normoxia in individuals with obesity. Greater improvement in body weight or composition was observed following hypoxic training in some [93][94][95][96] but not all studies, 23,[97][98][99][100][101] Yang et al 102 in adolescents with obesity used a "living hightraining low" strategy similar to athletes (i.e., sleeping in a hypoxic room and training in normoxia) 44 did not appear to significantly improve blood lipid status. 90,91,96,[99][100][101][102] Some 94,103 but not all 23,91,95,97,101,104 studies reported a reduction in blood pressure following hypoxic exercise training compared with normoxic exercise training.…”

“…Greater improvement in body weight or composition was observed following hypoxic training in some [93][94][95][96] but not all studies, 23,[97][98][99][100][101] Yang et al 102 in adolescents with obesity used a "living hightraining low" strategy similar to athletes (i.e., sleeping in a hypoxic room and training in normoxia) 44 did not appear to significantly improve blood lipid status. 90,91,96,[99][100][101][102] Some 94,103 but not all 23,91,95,97,101,104 studies reported a reduction in blood pressure following hypoxic exercise training compared with normoxic exercise training. Similarly, only two 99,101 out of six studies 23,91,[97][98][99]101 that investigated exercise performance following hypoxic exercise training in individuals with obesity reported greater improvement compared with normoxic exercise training.…”

Effects of Living High-Training Low and High on Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Females

“…It was reported that 4 weeks of a low-calorie diet plus exercise 6 h/week in 3000 m normobaric hypoxic conditions in addition to exercise 16 h/week in normoxic conditions led to significantly more weight loss than that observed in the normoxic group (− 7.0% versus − 4.2%) [21]. LHTL also reduced more body weight in Yang's report [42]. In our study, the daily energy intake met the resting metabolic needs which is 3-to 4-fold higher than that used in Kong's research [21]; however, more weight loss was observed.…”

Inhibition of miR-27b Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Obese Rats During Hypoxic Exercise by Increasing PPARγ Expression

“…Recent studies have shown that hypoxic training can reduce body weight and body fat in humans and rodents ( Ji et al, 2017 ; Camacho-Cardenosa et al, 2018a ; Yang et al, 2018 ; Park et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019 ). This effect might be due to hypoxic exercise leading to the suppression of appetite ( Matu et al, 2017 ).…”