Living Free-Radical Polymerization by Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer:  The RAFT Process

Chiefari, John; Chong, Y. K.; Ercole, Frances; Krstina, Julia; Jeffery, Justine; Le, Trung; Mayadunne, Roshan T. A.; Meijs, Gordon F.; Moad, Catherine L.; Moad, Graeme; Rizzardo, Ezio; Thang, San H.

doi:10.1021/ma9804951

Cited by 4,833 publications

(4,163 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Side-chain cationic polymers can be fabricated by many methods of living polymerization. 40,41 Therefore, their molecular weight and molecular weight distribution can be finetuned. In addition to the homopolymers, the random, alternating and block copolymers can be prepared in a designed manner.…”

Section: Topological Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial cationic polymers: from structural design to functional control

Yang

Cai

Huang

et al. 2017

Polym J

207

174

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Antimicrobial cationic polymers mainly contain two functional components: the cationic groups and the hydrophobic groups. The antimicrobial activity is influenced by the type, amount, location and distribution of these two components. This review summarizes the designs and syntheses of antimicrobial cationic polymers by controlling the above two factors. It involves the structural designs from primary to secondary structures, from covalent to noncovalent syntheses and from bulk to surface. Furthermore, it will discuss how to advance structural designs toward functional controls for optimizing the antimicrobial performances and biocompatibility of antimicrobial cationic polymers. It is anticipated that this review will provide some guidelines for developing molecular engineering of antimicrobial cationic polymers with tailor-made structures and functions.

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Section: Topological Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial cationic polymers: from structural design to functional control

Yang

Cai

Huang

et al. 2017

Polym J

207

174

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“…[1][2][3] It has been well-established that the topological structures and chemical composition of nonlinearshaped block copolymers can exhibit dramatic effects on the solution properties and self-assembling morphologies as compared with their linear counterpart. [4][5][6][7][8][9] It is worthy of noting that the developments of a variety of controlled radical polymerization techniques 10 such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), [11][12][13] reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, [14][15][16] and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) 17,18 have facilitated the synthesis of nonlinear-shaped polymers with varying chain architectures such as cyclic, 8,9,[19][20][21][22][23] (miktoarm) star, [24][25][26] star block copolymers, 27,28 comb, [29][30][31][32] sun-shaped, [33][34][35] H-shaped, [36][37][38] and θ-shaped 39,40 polymers. Among these nonlinear chain topologies, tadpole-shaped linearcyclic diblock copolymers [41]…”

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Amphiphilic Tadpole-Shaped Linear-Cyclic Diblock Copolymers via Ring-Opening Polymerization Directly Initiating from Cyclic Precursors and Their Application as Drug Nanocarriers

2011

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We report on the facile synthesis of well-defined amphiphilic and thermoresponsive tadpole-shaped linear-cyclic diblock copolymers via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) directly initiating from cyclic precursors, their self-assembling behavior in aqueous solution, and the application of micellar assemblies as controlled release drug nanocarriers. Starting from a trifunctional core molecule containing alkynyl, hydroxyl, and bromine moieties, alkynyl-(OH)-Br, macrocyclic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (c-PNIPAM) bearing a single hydroxyl functionality was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), the subsequent end group transformation into azide functionality, and finally the intramacromolecular ring closure reaction via click chemistry. The target amphiphilic tadpoleshaped linear-cyclic diblock copolymer, (c-PNIPAM)-b-PCL, was then synthesized via the ROP of ε-caprolactone (CL) by directly initiating from the cyclic precursor. In aqueous solution at 20°C, (c-PNIPAM)-b-PCL self-assembles into spherical micelles consisting of hydrophobic PCL cores and well-solvated coronas of cyclic PNIPAM segments. For comparison, linear diblock copolymer with comparable molecular weight and composition, (l-PNIPAM)-b-PCL, was also synthesized. It was found that the thermoresponsive coronas of micelles self-assembled from (c-PNIPAM)-b-PCL exhibit thermoinduced collapse and aggregation at a lower critical thermal phase transition temperature (T c ) compared with those of (l-PNIPAM)-b-PCL. Temperature-dependent drug release profiles from the two types of micelles of (c-PNIPAM)-b-PCL and (l-PNIPAM)-b-PCL loaded with doxorubicin (Dox) were measured, and the underlying mechanism for the observed difference in releasing properties was proposed. Moreover, MTT assays revealed that micelles of (c-PNIPAM)-b-PCL are almost noncytotoxic up to a concentration of 1.0 g/L, whereas at the same polymer concentration, micelles loaded with Dox lead to ∼60% cell death. Overall, chain topologies of thermoresponsive block copolymers, that is, (c-PNIPAM)-b-PCL versus (l-PNIPAM)-b-PCL, play considerable effects on the self-assembling and thermal phase transition properties and their functions as controlled release drug nanocarriers. ' INTRODUCTIONIn the past decades, enduring attention has been paid to explore the intrinsic correlation between the chain topology of block copolymers and their physical properties, self-assembling behavior in selective solvents or in bulk states, and the associated functional applications. 1-3 It has been well-established that the topological structures and chemical composition of nonlinearshaped block copolymers can exhibit dramatic effects on the solution properties and self-assembling morphologies as compared with their linear counterpart. [4][5][6][7][8][9] It is worthy of noting that the developments of a variety of controlled radical polymerization techniques 10 such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 11-13 reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, [14][...

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“…The other major limitation of anionic synthesis process comes from the narrow range of chemical compounds that can be properly polymerized (PB, PS, PI, PtBA, PMMA and PEO). Fortunately, in the last decade, controlled radical polymerizations [1] like RAFT [2] and ATRP [3,4] have been developed as an alternative route to block copolymer synthesis, opening a new era for block copolymer science and industry. These processes allow relatively cheap and large-scale production of block copolymers out of a wide variety of chemistries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical analysis and aqueous solution properties of charged amphiphilic block copolymers PBA-b-PAA synthesized by MADIX®

Jacquin¹,

Muller

Talingting-Pabalan³

et al. 2007

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

164

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We have linked the structural and dynamic properties in aqueous solution of amphiphilic charged diblock copolymers poly(butyl acrylate)-b-poly(acrylic acid), PBA-b-PAA, synthesized by controlled radical polymerization, with the physico-chemical characteristics of the samples. Despite product imperfections, the samples self-assemble in melt and aqueous solutions as predicted by monodisperse microphase separation theory. However, the PBA core are abnormally large; the swelling of PBA cores is not due to AA (the Flory parameter PBA/PAA , determined at 0.25, means strong segregation), but to h-PBA homopolymers (content determined by Liquid Chromatography at the Point of Exclusion and Adsorption Transition LC-PEAT). Beside the dominant population of micelles detected by scattering experiments, capillary electrophoresis CE analysis permitted detection of two other populations, one of h-PAA, and the other of free PBA-b-PAA chains, that have very short PBA blocks and never self-assemble. Despite the presence of these free unimers, the self-assembly in solution was found out of equilibrium: the aggregation state is history dependant and no unimer exchange between micelles occurs over months (time-evolution SANS). The high PBA/water interfacial tension, measured at 20 mN/m, prohibits unimer exchange between micelles. PBA-b-PAA solution systems are neither at thermal equilibrium nor completely frozen systems: internal fractionation of individual aggregates can occur.

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Living Free-Radical Polymerization by Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer: The RAFT Process

Cited by 4,833 publications

References 13 publications

Antimicrobial cationic polymers: from structural design to functional control

Antimicrobial cationic polymers: from structural design to functional control

Synthesis of Amphiphilic Tadpole-Shaped Linear-Cyclic Diblock Copolymers via Ring-Opening Polymerization Directly Initiating from Cyclic Precursors and Their Application as Drug Nanocarriers

Chemical analysis and aqueous solution properties of charged amphiphilic block copolymers PBA-b-PAA synthesized by MADIX®

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