Livestock Animal Displacement on Rural Tourism Destinations: Placing Livestock's “Pest” Role in the Background

Abstract

Rural tourism is becoming increasingly embedded in the livestock animal management in rural areas. Drawing on a multi-methods approach, this exploratory research shows how to construct the livestock animal displacement actor-networks. As is found, human actors (local governments, tourists, and local residents), non-human animal (livestock) and quasi-object (human dwellings) construct an interaction network in a structured way. The critical action route of livestock animal displacement demonstrated in this research is aimed to improve residents' participation willingness and further to change the local livestock feeding model and traditional dwelling by rural environment governance and rural tourism landscape consumption. Through the process of translation, problematization, interest, enrollment, mobilization and opposition, the livestock displacement actor-networks were constructed to build a heterogeneous network of the local government, tourists, local residents, livestock and human dwelling. The ultimate goal is to change the traditional human dwelling to a dis-dwelling; the most important thing is to promote residents' participation willingness in the livestock displacement actor-networks. This article attempts to perform compelling exploratory research to elucidate the livestock displacement actor-networks in hope to provide a meaningful contribution to the epistemology and methodology of livestock management on rural tourism destination and open a new path for research on rural livestock-human relations.

Co-dwelling, Mix-dwelling and Dis-dwelling: The Diversity Among Three Human and Livestock Dwelling Forms in Rural China

“…Because of the change of rural residential pattern and function, rural residential functions of housed livestock and grain storage disappeared gradually and the improved rural residential conditions enable most of the rural residents to achieve dis-dwelling. While the transformation of rural settlement function makes rural settlement turn into a rural tourism destination, from the perspective of the sustainability of rural tourism, livestock dis-placement can prevent livestock from threatening the safety of visitors, enhance the rural tourism environment and make the tourism area more attractive (Tang et al 2017).…”

“…Human Fig. 3 Local map of the study area; an inset map shows the vicinity of the area within China and livestock dwelling describes the phenomenon of humans and livestock as a common dweller, reflecting the spatial relationship between livestock and human settlements (Tang et al 2017). Based on the spatial distance between livestock housing and the main homesteads of humans, three forms of human and livestock dwelling (H&L dwelling) were defined as: co-dwelling (humans and livestock living within 3 m of each other), the term 'co-dwelling' is a shortened form of 'common-dwelling' and implies that cohabitation humans with livestock in the same main homesteads; mixdwelling (humans and livestock living between 3 and 50 m), the term 'mix-dwelling' is a shortened form of 'mixed -dwelling' and implies that humans and live-stock mixed dwelling in the same courtyard space; disdwelling (humans and livestock separated by more than beyond 50 m, the term 'dis-dwelling' is a shortened form of 'distance-dwelling' and implies that structures used to house animals are place at a distance from the houses of humans (Fig.…”

“…The placement and management of these our partnerships (Holloway, 2001) have created long standing concerns for thousands of years. For example, the original meaning of the Chinese word '家(jiā, home)' in the words used on the Oracle Bones and Bronze meant 'man-pig cohabitation', and is associated with the Chinese word '豕(shǐ, pig)' meaning 'pigs' that inhabited houses (Chen, 1985), which illustrates the placement of domestic animal in the homes of people (Tang et al 2017). Such dwellings often serve as living examples worldwide, such as the Balaynatisa homes in Cebu, Philippines; the Toraja's Tongkonan homes in Sulawesi, Indonesia; Newa's dwelling place in Katmandu, Nepal; dwelling places in Thimbu, Bhutan; tower-like dwelling places in Sana, Yemen; watch tower-like houses in Asir, Saudi Arabia; cave dwellings in Matera, Italy; the Miniho homes in Portugal; dwelling in granite in trasos Montes; wine farm dwellings in Quercy, France; and the Raab family farmstead in MI, USA, etc.…”

Nature-Based Solutions in Tourism: A Review of the Literature and Conceptualization

“…Annually, during the summer period there is a great influx of tourists to major destinations in Europe and local residents have to cope with overcrowdedness, noise pollution, and traffic congestion (Conversation, 2018). Some examples of pollution that occur as a result of increased tourism development and tourists arrivals are increase in marine litter, inadequate solid waste management, poor air, and water quality (Cingolani, Barbera, Renison, & Barri, 2016;Piippo, Juntunen, Kurppa, & Pongrácz, 2014;Tang, Zhang, & Zhang, 2017;Williams et al, 2016;Wilson & Verlis, 2017).…”

“…Creation of institutional arrangements that would benefit the nature and local community(Heenehan et al, 2015) • Developing the knowledge and skills of local communities(Jänis, 2014) • Encouraging community participation for promoting nature conservation(Mutanga, Vengesayi, Muboko, & Gandiwa, 2015) • Encouraging positive local attitudes to conservation(Black & Cobbinah, 2018) • Enhancement of policy and regulatory frameworks favoring ecofriendly initiatives(Kuvan, 2012;Peeters & Landré, 2012; Semernya, Ramola, Alfthan, & Giacovelli, 2017) • Evaluating the scenic value of tourist destination(Mooser, Anfuso, Mestanza, & Williams, 2018) • Evaluating the tourism industry's sustainability performance(Huang & Coelho, 2017;Morrison & Pickering, 2013;Wilson & Verlis, 2017) • Examining visitor satisfaction with tourist attractions(Ryan, Huimin, & Chon, 2010) • Formation of appropriate governance mechanisms(Tang, Zhang, & Zhang, 2017) • Improving financial sustainability of tourist sites(Kruger, Merwe, Bosch, & Saayman, …”