Livestock and climate change: impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies

A Review of Potential Public Health Impacts Associated With the Global Dairy Sector

“…The global dairy sector emits a number of different air pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, VOCs, ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide (FAO et al, 2006;Havlikova et al, 2008;OECD, 2004;Place & Mitloehner, 2010;Won et al, 2017) Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide also contribute to climate change (FAO et al, 2006;Grossi et al, 2018;Havlikova et al, 2008;OECD, 2004;Place & Mitloehner, 2010;Won et al, 2017). Generally, important sources of air pollutants on dairy farms include emissions from animals, cropping systems, fossil energy use, feed management, and waste (Grossi et al, 2018;Place & Mitloehner, 2010), and air pollutants can contribute both to environmental damage and human health outcomes, either directly or indirectly (Havlikova et al, 2008). Air pollution is now the environmental health hazard with the largest health burden through its contribution to cardiovascular and respiratory disease morbidity and mortality (WHO, 2017).…”

“…Important greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with dairy farming include methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (FAO, 2010;FAO et al, 2006;Grossi et al, 2018;OECD, 2004;Place & Mitloehner, 2010;Won et al, 2017). Modern farms emit CO 2 largely from fossil fuel combustion for on-farm processes, transportation, and electricity generation (FAO, 2010;Place & Mitloehner, 2010).…”

“…The 100-year global warming potential (i.e., the ability of a GHG to trap extra heat in the atmosphere over time relative to CO 2 ) of CH 4 and N 2 O are more than 20 and 300 times greater than that of CO 2 , respectively (Grossi et al, 2018;IPCC, 2007;Place & Mitloehner, 2010). The majority of CH 4 emitted from dairy farms is produced through enteric fermentation in cattle, although manure can also be a source of emissions (FAO, 2010;Grossi et al, 2018;Place & Mitloehner, 2010;Won et al, 2017).…”

“…The 100-year global warming potential (i.e., the ability of a GHG to trap extra heat in the atmosphere over time relative to CO 2 ) of CH 4 and N 2 O are more than 20 and 300 times greater than that of CO 2 , respectively (Grossi et al, 2018;IPCC, 2007;Place & Mitloehner, 2010). The majority of CH 4 emitted from dairy farms is produced through enteric fermentation in cattle, although manure can also be a source of emissions (FAO, 2010;Grossi et al, 2018;Place & Mitloehner, 2010;Won et al, 2017). N 2 O is formed during the microbially facilitated process of denitrification, the natural cycle by which nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas, and major sources on dairy farms include long-term manure storage lagoons, nitrogenous fertilizers, and manure spread on agricultural fields (FAO, 2010; Grossi et al, 2018;Place & Mitloehner, 2010).…”

Differentiation potential of fish fins –Effective utilization of the fins as food wastes–

“…Currently, we face on food crisis with population growth, such as rapidly increasing 30 demand for livestock products. Raising livestock becomes an environmental stressor since it requires large 31 amount of natural resources and brings about 14.5% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (Charles 32 et al, 2019;Gerber et al, 2013;Grossi et al, 2019). Therefore, establishment of sustainable food resource 33 production system for next generation is effective for environmental and ecological protection (Lynch & 34 Pierrehumbert, 2019;Tuomisto, 2019).…”