Liver support in fulminant liver failure after hemorrhagic shock

Abstract

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare clinical syndrome associated with a mortality of up to 80% and its management remains an interdisciplinary challenge. Despite recent improvements in intensive care management, the mortality of patients with ALF remains high and is related to complications such as cerebral edema, sepsis and multiple organ failure. Emergency orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is currently the only effective treatment for those patients who are unlikely to recover spontaneously. Nevertheless, OLT is not always possible because of the shortage of the organs and/or complications related to ALF. Newly introduced liver-assist devices can temporarily support the patient's liver until native liver recovers or can serve as a bridging device until a liver graft is available. The support devices use both cell-based and non-cell-based techniques. One of the latest non-cell-based extracorporeal hepatic support devices, the molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS), is based on the concept of albumin dialysis. MARS utilises selective hemodiafiltration with countercurrent albumin dialysis aiming to selectively remove both water-soluble and albumin-bound toxins of the low and middle molecular-weight range. We report on a young patient who presented with clinical symptoms of ischemic hepatitis and multi-organ failure (APACHE II score 38-->predicted postoperative mortality 87%) due to prolonged hemorrhagic shock. OLT was contraindicated because of history of pancreas cancer with metastases. It was necessary to use aggressive conservative therapy and an extracorporeal liver-assist device until liver regeneration began and hemodynamic conditions were stable. The patient underwent five treatments with MARS. During the treatment, there were improvements of hemodynamics, respiratory function, acid-base disturbances and laboratory parameters. The plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green, a parameter of dynamic liver function, improved during MARS treatment. Although repeated neurological examination predicted diffuse brain damage (brain oedema, decreased cerebral blood flow), the patient recovered without any neurological deficits. The patient survived and was discharged from the hospital in good condition. In this case MARS treatment was successful in supporting the patient through the most critical period of ALF.

Prometheus’ Challenge: Molecular, Cellular and Systemic Aspects of Liver Regeneration

“…Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the treatment of choice for helping those patients who are unlikely to recover spontaneously to regain quickly and effectively. Unfortunately, the shortage of cadaver liver grafts is increasing, thereby OLT is not always possible [3,4]. To solve this problem, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is one of the strategies currently used to increase the donor pool [5].…”

Air transportation of patients with end-stage liver disease to distant liver transplantation centers

“…1). The average distance traveled was 4660 miles (range, 1290-7400), average flight time was 9.5 hours (range, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], the mean number of takeoffs and landings/travel was 3.6 (range, 2-6). Medical staff escorted 22 patients.…”

“…We used the APACHE II score to assess the prognosis of candidate patients for referral abroad, although this score is usually not used in patients with FHF and may underestimate their severity. [15][16][17] The average APACHE II score was 20.5, predicting a mortality rate of approximately 25%, which is lower than the estimated mortality of this condition without liver transplantation. Only two patients were intubated and sedated prior to departure because of grade 4 encephalopathy.…”

Bridging to transplantation in acute liver failure in a 7-month-old infant

“…However, in advanced hepatic failure, highly protein-bound or lipophilic compounds such as octanoic acid, some amino acids and other organic acids, neurosteroids, bilirubin and substances resulting from inflammation syndrome that are probably responsible for breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, need additional elimination procedures [4]. Albumin dialysis has been described as enabling this elimination, resulting in neurological improvement [10,11]. At present, in cases of severe liver failure and overt encephalopathy, albumin dialysis seems to be the only feasible treatment that can eliminate the abovementioned compounds and improve cerebral edema [6], although in the last few years the bioartificial liver has become the main topic for investigation.…”