Liver-Related Factors Associated with Low Vitamin D Levels in HIV and HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients and Comparison to General Population

Abstract

In our experience, despite the high prevalence of 25(OH)D insufficiency, HIV and HCV-infection did not seem to influence vitamin D status. The role of HIV, HCV and cART on hypovitaminosis D needs further validation in larger cohorts that account for the vitamin levels in general populations and for seasonal and regional variability.

Associated Factors and Liver Disease Severity for Decreased Bone Mineral Density in HIV Mono- and HIV/HCV Co-infected Patients

“…In addition, the median vitamin D level was >30 ng/mL in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Our results reflect those reported in an Italian study, which found that median vitamin D serum levels >25 ng/ ml were similar in the HIV mono-infected, HIV/HCV co-infected and healthy controls [29]. Moreover, in a recent, large study on a general healthy population in Central Europe, Pludowski et al [30] reported an average vitamin D concentration of >30 ng/ml.…”

Vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review

“…9 Results from these reports were quite inconsistent (Figures 2 and 3). The three matched case-control analyses 27 a significantly higher prevalence in healthy controls in another, 30 and a significantly higher prevalence in HIV-infected patients in the third. 34 The study with the higher prevalence in the control group was performed in African-American subjects, 30 who are usually regarded as being at high risk of hypovitaminosis D. 61 As a result, both cases and controls had a very high rate of hypovitaminosis D. Paul et al 34 found a 20% greater prevalence of 25OHD ,20 ng/mL in HIV-infected patients, but they enrolled a very small sample (70 cases and 35 controls).…”

“…Nine studies compared vitamin D status between HIV+ and "healthy" subjects, 9,23,25,27,30,31,34,42,60 but only three of them were matched case-control analyses. 27,30,34 Overall, the studies were heterogeneous in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics of populations included. Even the data collected and the methods used to report the information were quite variable (eg, age and duration of ART therapy were described as mean ± standard deviation, median with interquartile range, or range).…”

“…In three of them, controls were age-and sex-matched to HIV+ (also BMI-matched in one study, same race in another). 27,30,34 Stein et al and Yin et al recruited controls of identical gender (women) and menopausal status (post-and pre-menopausal, respectively) as the HIV cases. 42,60 In the remaining four articles, authors used unmatched controls, as follows: healthy subjects from the community or the clinic (n = 2), 23 uninfected at-risk subjects with the same gender (n = 1).…”

“…29 Although some authors presented evidence in support of a relationship between CD4 T-cell count and 25OHD levels (with lower CD4 T-cell count associated with higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or lower 25OHD concentrations), 9,23,38,42 at least three large, well-designed trials failed to identify such association. 27,31,41 Considering other HIV-related risk factors, patchy correlations were found between HIV viral load, duration of ART, duration of HIV, plasma neopterin, or soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor I and vitamin D deficiency. 6,8,9,23,25,28,37,52,54,57 Adverse health outcomes related to vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected patients Very few studies investigated the detrimental effects of vitamin D deficiency on health outcomes other than bone diseases in HIV+.…”