“…It is estimated that between 2.4 and 51 17 million people are currently infected and between 90 and 52 180 million are at risk of infection (Anon, 1995;Toledo et al, 53 2011). The actual number of animal and human infections is likely 54 to be much higher due to its asymptomatic nature, the limited 55 availability of diagnostic tools, and the lack of systematic or coor-56 dinated reporting of infections, especially in undeveloped coun-57 tries (Toet et al, 2014). Interestingly, trematode infections in 58 humans have been associated with specific types of cancer 59 (Correia da Costa et al, 2014), and although F. hepatica infections 60 have been suggested to promote tumor formation in rodents, its 61 role in human cancer is still controversial (Montero et al, 1999;62 Tsocheva-Gaytandzhieva, 2005;Marcos et al, 2009).…”