“…These components are affected by interactions between sets of processes, for example, physical processes such as warming and evaporation, economic processes such as traveling and consumption, or social-ecological processes such as strip mining and land degradation (Zhang et al, 2020a(Zhang et al, , 2020b(Zhang et al, , 2022dThomaz et al, 2022;Zhao et al, 2020a). These spatially explicit physical, ecological, and social processes tend to be generalized as geographical processes (Fu, 2020), and influenced by landscape restoration projects (Fu et al, 2021a;Liu, 2020;Tikadar et al, 2022;Fan et al, 2021;Liao et al, 2018).…”