“…In the third stage, four villages were selected from each sub-district to conduct the face-to-face interviews. The following formula was used to determine the appropriate sample size ( Kanyenji et al., 2020 ; Rahman et al., 2021a ): where n o is the sample size, z 2 is the 95% confidence interval, p is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population, q is 1− p and e is the desired precision level. First, a list of rice farmers was prepared for each village.…”