Live transference of surgical subspecialty skills using telerobotic proctoring to remote general surgeons

The use of simulation in neurosurgical education and training

“…13 The validation evidence from the studies was presented predominantly in the form of face validity, with participant feedback reporting realism when using the following: ImmersiveTouch, 57 ANGIO Mentor, 47,52 VIST, 9,12,18,37 ROBO-SIM, 41 SIMONT, 13,59 the cadaveric deer head and spine model, 56 in vivo rodent model, 1,20 in vivo swine model, 43 human cadaveric model with SRSP to simulate a tumor, 14 and boundary element-based virtual reality (VR) simulator with haptic feedback. 55 Construct validation, predominantly through the successful differentiation of novices and experts, or individuals pre-and postintervention, has been demonstrated when using the following simulators/devices: cadaveric porcine skull, 10 cadaveric deer head and spine, 56 EasyGuide Neuro, 26 ImmersiveTouch, 6,27-30,57 ANGIO Men tor, 47,52 VIST, 9,12,18,38 in vivo rodent model, 39 human patient simulator, 36 cast model of ventricular system with Model Magic, 11 and SIMONT. 13 Predictive validity was reported in a study using the ImmersiveTouch simulator for ventriculostomy training, as simulator practice resulted in significantly higher chance of ventriculostomy success at first attempt in real patients in the operating room.…”

“…13 Predictive validity was reported in a study using the ImmersiveTouch simulator for ventriculostomy training, as simulator practice resulted in significantly higher chance of ventriculostomy success at first attempt in real patients in the operating room. 57 In another study an assessment scale (54) 5 (18) 3 (11) 3 (11) 3 (11)used (the Operative Performance Rating Scale) was stated to be adapted from a previously validated assessment tool, 10 but no validity or reliability evidence was presented.…”

“…Training of medical students and residents from several specialties in various neurocritical care scenarios using the Human Patient Simulator improved knowledge-based written assessment scores. 36 Table 6 shows the variety of assessment tools used in the reviewed studies, which comprised the following 3 broad categories: 1) subjective evaluation or feedback surveys; 2) performance at a surgical task assessed either by a rater 10,39 (including self-rating 56 ), simulator-derived metrics, 5,6,[26][27][28][29][30]38,47,57 or both; 9,12,13,18,52 and 3) knowledge-based written tests. 11,12,36 Therefore, a significant number of studies reported participant feedback without objective evidence for efficacy of the simulator.…”

Medical telementoring using an augmented reality transparent display

“…A broad range of expertise for optimal treatment is required which is not readily available at the point of injury or at the required time. 2 Traumatic injuries suffered in combat which require immediate care must be completed in forward operating bases lacking direct access to a wide array of specialist surgeons. Similarly, general surgeons in rural areas are disadvantaged when required to perform surgical procedures requiring expertise beyond what is available at the local hospital.…”

Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation

“…While this is already the case in some instances either directly [69] or by teleproctoring [29], it is not in routine nor widespread practice. This feature allows a specialist in one location to control a robot and perform surgery on a patient in another location whether it is across the room or across the globe [43].…”