Live Poultry Market Closure and Control of Avian Influenza A(H7N9), Shanghai, China

He, Yi; Liu, Peihong; Tang, Songzhe; Chen, Yong; Pei, Enle; Zhao, Baihui; Hong, Ren; Li, Jian; Zhu, Yiyi; Zhao, Hongjin; Pan, Qichao; Gu, Bin; Yuan, Zhengan; Wu, Fan

doi:10.3201/eid2009.131243

Cited by 40 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The reactions to HPAI outbreaks included widespread wet market closures and trade restrictions. While this limited the spread of H7N9 after its initial occurrence (Webster 2004;He et al 2014;Yu et al 2014), it was also very costly to authorities, vendors, and consumers, and is unsustainable as a policy framework for the long run (Gao 2014). Additionally, given the significant traditional values attached to wet markets and the live animal trade, policies of that kind may abrade cultural sensibilities.…”

Section: Policy Implications Of China's Zoonotic Disease Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review

Perrings

Kinzig

et al. 2016

Ambio

216

149

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Three interrelated world trends may be exacerbating emerging zoonotic risks: income growth, urbanization, and globalization. Income growth is associated with rising animal protein consumption in developing countries, which increases the conversion of wild lands to livestock production, and hence the probability of zoonotic emergence. Urbanization implies the greater concentration and connectedness of people, which increases the speed at which new infections are spread. Globalization-the closer integration of the world economy-has facilitated pathogen spread among countries through the growth of trade and travel. Highrisk areas for the emergence and spread of infectious disease are where these three trends intersect with predisposing socioecological conditions including the presence of wild disease reservoirs, agricultural practices that increase contact between wildlife and livestock, and cultural practices that increase contact between humans, wildlife, and livestock. Such an intersection occurs in China, which has been a ''cradle'' of zoonoses from the Black Death to avian influenza and SARS. Disease management in China is thus critical to the mitigation of global zoonotic risks.

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Section: Policy Implications Of China's Zoonotic Disease Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review

Perrings

Kinzig

et al. 2016

Ambio

216

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While influenza virus may be transmitted among humans via fomites, droplets, or aerosols (28), the mode of H7N9 transmission remains unclear. Closure of live-poultry markets was effective in temporarily reducing human cases (29)(30)(31), but close to 200 human infections were reported during the winter of 2014-2015, with a wider geographic distribution to Xinjiang and Jilin in 2014 (1). While chicken is the most common species in the live-poultry markets harboring the H7N9 virus (6,32,33), the predominant mode that facilitates the spread of H7N9 virus among poultry is also not fully understood.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses with a Polymorphism at PB2 Residue 627 in Chickens and Ferrets

Luk

Leung

Sia

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Poultry exposure is a major risk factor for human H7N9 zoonotic infections, for which the mode of transmission remains unclear. We studied the transmission of genetically related poultry and human H7N9 influenza viruses differing by four amino acids, including the host determinant PB2 residue 627. A/Silkie chicken/HK/1772/2014 (SCk1772) and A/HK/3263/14 (HK3263) replicated to comparable titers in chickens, with superior oropharyngeal over cloacal shedding; both viruses transmitted efficiently among chickens via direct contact but inefficiently via the airborne route. Interspecies transmission via the airborne route was observed for ferrets exposed to the SCk1772-or HK3263-infected chickens, while low numbers of copies of influenza viral genome were detected in the air, predominantly at particle sizes larger than 4 m. In ferrets, the human isolate HK3263 replicated to higher titers and transmitted more efficiently via direct contact than SCk1772. We monitored "intrahost" and "interhost" adaptive changes at PB2 residue 627 during infection and transmission of the Sck1772 that carried E627 and HK3263 that carried V/K/E polymorphism at 60%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. For SCk1772, positive selection for K627 over E627 was observed in ferrets during the chicken-to-ferret or ferret-to-ferret transmission. For HK3263 that contained V/K/E polymorphism, mixed V627 and E627 genotypes were transmitted among chickens while either V627 or K627 was transmitted to ferrets with a narrow transmission bottleneck. Overall, our results suggest direct contact as the main mode for H7N9 transmission and identify the PB2-V627 genotype with uncompromised fitness and transmissibility in both avian and mammalian species. IMPORTANCEWe studied the modes of H7N9 transmission, as this information is crucial for developing effective control measures for prevention. Using chicken (SCk1772) and human (HK3263) H7N9 isolates that differed by four amino acids, including the host determinant PB2 residue 627, we observed that both viruses transmitted efficiently among chickens via direct contact but inefficiently via the airborne route. Chicken-to-ferret transmission via the airborne route was observed, along with the detection of viral genome in the air at low copy numbers. In ferrets, HK3263 transmitted more efficiently than SCk1772 via direct contact. During the transmission of SCk1772 that contained E and HK3263 that contained V/K/E polymorphism at PB2 residue 627, positive selections of E627 and K627 were observed in chickens and ferrets, respectively. In addition, PB2-V627 was transmitted and stably maintained in both avian and mammalian species. Our results support applying intervention strategies that minimize direct and indirect contact at the poultry markets during epidemics.

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“…[5] Though family and hospital clusters with confirmed or suspected avian H7N9 virus infection were previously reported, no clear evidence indicated that the novel virus could transmit from person to person. The second case in this report had physical contact with the index case when assisting the index case to the bathroom (it lasted for 10 min) and had no history of exposure to live poultry or LPMs before the illness onset.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Suspected Person-to-person Transmission of Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Case in Ward

Zhang

Meng

Kong

et al. 2017

Chinese Medical Journal

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Live Poultry Market Closure and Control of Avian Influenza A(H7N9), Shanghai, China

Cited by 40 publications

References 9 publications

Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review

Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review

Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses with a Polymorphism at PB2 Residue 627 in Chickens and Ferrets

A Suspected Person-to-person Transmission of Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Case in Ward

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