“…Today, this type of structure is increasingly being used in road, railway, tunneling, and animal overpass projects as an alternative to conventional type bridges, for example, reinforced concrete (RC) slab bridges [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] ]. Recent evidence suggests that SSCS is relatively easy to construct [ [13] , [14] , [15] ] and more economical [ 14 , 16 , 17 ] than its conventional counterparts, e.g., concrete bridges. The lack of expansion joints [ 18 , 19 ] and the possibility of forming on weak ground [ 14 , 20 ] are other benefits of such structures (see Fig.…”