Live‐Cell‐Permeable Poly(<i>p</i>‐phenylene ethynylene)

Moon, Joong Ho; McDaniel, W. Caleb; MacLean, Paul S.; Hancock, Lawrence F.

doi:10.1002/ange.200701991

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…There was essentially no change in cell membrane integrity using Trypan Blue for all three PDots (Figure 3, panel B), while the positive control with 0.2nM Etoposide showed a 30% decrease. These results indicated that PDots do not substantially affect cell viability for doses ranging from 2.5 nM to 40 nM, which is consistent with previously reported results 10,19-21,22 and are comparable to those of QDots previously reported as well 24 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Indeed, there have been a few studies 10,19-21,22 recently published related to PDot cytotoxicity. For example, Christensen and co-workers evaluated the possible cytotoxic effects of hydrophobic PDots with a size of 18 nm 10 by assessing the viability of cells incubated with increasing amounts of PDots using Cell Titer Blue, a dye that tracks cell viability and proliferation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by semiconducting polymer dots in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages

White

Jin

et al. 2015

Nanoscale

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The rapid development and acceptance of PDots for biological applications depends on an in depth understanding of their cytotoxicity. In this paper, we performed a comprehensive study of PDot cytotoxicity at both the gross cell effect level (such as cell viability, proliferation and necrosis) and more subtle effects (such as redox stress) on RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line with high relevance to in vivo nanoparticle disposition. The redox stress measurements assessed were inner mitochondrial membrane lipid peroxidation (nonyl-acridine orange, NAO), total thiol level (monobromobimane, MBB), and pyridine nucleotide redox status (NAD(P)H autofluorescence). Because of the extensive work already performed with QDots on nanotoxicity and also because of their comparable size, QDots were chosen as a comparison/reference nanoparticle for this study. The results showed that PDots exhibit cytotoxic effects to a much lesser degree than their inorganic analogue (QDots) and are much brighter, allowing for much lower concentrations to be used in various biological applications. In addition, at lower dose levels (2.5 nM to 10 nM) PDot treatment resulted in higher total thiol level than those found with QDots. At higher dose levels (20 nM to 40 nM) QDots caused significantly higher thiol levels in RAW264.7 cells, than was seen with PDots, suggesting that QDots elicit compensation to oxidative stress by upregulating GSH synthesis. At the higher concentrations of QDots, NAD(P)H levels showed an initial depletion, then repletion to a level that was greater than vehicle controls. PDots showed a similar trend but this was not statistically significant. Because PDots elicit less oxidative stress and cytotoxicity at low concentrations than QDots, and because they exhibit superior fluorescence at these low concentrations, PDots are predicted to have enhanced utility in biomedical applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by semiconducting polymer dots in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages

White

Jin

et al. 2015

Nanoscale

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“…[81] With similar hydrophilic polymers, smaller particles of diameters from 10 nm to 100 nm were prepared by a solvent exchange method which involved sequential ultrafiltration of acetic-acid-treated polymers. [82–85] In contrast to the hydrophobic Pdots with densely packed chromophoric structures, the polyelectrolyte-based nanoparticles consist of loosely aggregated polymer chains because of their hydrophilic nature. [32,85] Conjugated polyelectrolytes, however, can be synthesized with hyperbranched structures, thus forming a three-dimensional morphology in water.…”

Section: Properties and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Fluorescent Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Biology and Medicine

2013

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In recent years, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding characteristics as fluorescent probes. These nanoparticles, which primarily consist of π-conjugated polymers and are called polymer dots (Pdots) when they exhibit small particle size and high brightness, have demonstrated utility in a wide range of applications such as fluorescence imaging and biosensing. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the photophysical properties of Pdots which speak to the merits of these entities as fluorescent labels. This review also highlights the surface functionalization and biomolecular conjugation of Pdots, and their applications in cellular labeling, in vivo imaging, single-particle tracking, biosensing, and drug delivery. We discuss the relationship between the physical properties and performance, and evaluate the merits and limitations of the Pdot probes for certain imaging tasks and fluorescence assays. We also tackle the current challenges of Pdots and share our perspective on the future directions of the field.

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“…[21][22][23] Meanwhile, the chemical modification approach is based on the idea of introducing hydrophilic functional groups, such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), along the conjugated polymer backbone through the organic synthesis route. [25][26] The water-dispersible conjugated polymers nanoparticles were found to exhibit a high quantum yield, large absorption cross-section, and good photostability, [20][21][22][23]25] which are ideal optical characteristics for biological imaging applications. Indeed, they were shown to be an excellent fluorescent labeling agent for both fixed and live cell imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several different strategies have been designed for such a purpose, including, for example: 1) miniemulsion, [20] 2) reprecipitation, [21][22][23] and 3) chemical modification. [24][25][26] In the miniemulsion approach, an organic solvent solution of conjugated polymers is mixed vigorously with an aqueous solution of appropriate surfactants to create stable dispersions of conjugated polymer nanoparticles. [20] The reprecipitation technique, on the other hand, is based on thermodynamic principles, for which the conjugated polymer nanoparticles are prepared by injecting an organic solvent (e.g., THF) solution of conjugated polymers into water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silica Nanocapsules of Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers and Superparamagnetic Nanocrystals for Dual‐Mode Cellular Imaging

Tan

Wang²,

Yang

et al. 2011

Chemistry A European J

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We describe here a facile and benign synthetic strategy to integrate the fluorescent behavior of conjugated polymers and superparamagnetic properties of iron oxide nanocrystals into silica nanocapsules, forming a new type of bifunctional magnetic fluorescent silica nanocapsule (BMFSN). The resultant BMFSNs are uniform, colloidally stable in aqueous medium, and exhibit the desired dual functionality of fluorescence and superparamagnetism in a single entity. Four conjugated polymers with different emissions were used to demonstrate the versatility of employing this class of fluorescent materials for the preparation of BMFSNs. The applicability of BMFSNs in cellular imaging was studied by incubating them with human liver cancer cells, the result of which demonstrated that the cells could be visualized by dual-mode fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the superparamagnetic behavior of the BMFSNs was exploited for in vitro magnetic-guided delivery of the nanocapsules into the cancer cells, thereby highlighting their potential for targeting biomedical applications.

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Live‐Cell‐Permeable Poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene)

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by semiconducting polymer dots in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages

Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by semiconducting polymer dots in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages

Highly Fluorescent Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Biology and Medicine

Silica Nanocapsules of Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers and Superparamagnetic Nanocrystals for Dual‐Mode Cellular Imaging

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