Live Bird Markets of Bangladesh: H9N2 Viruses and the Near Absence of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza

Negovetich, Nicholas J.; Feeroz, Mohammed Mostafa; Jones‐Engel, Lisa; Walker, David; Alam, Saidul; Hasan, Kamrul; Seiler, Patrick; Ferguson, Angie; Friedman, Kim; Barman, Subrata; Franks, John; Turner, Jasmine; Krauss, Scott; Webby, Richard J.; Webster, Robert G.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019311

Cited by 94 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The overall AIV type A positive cases were recorded as 463 out of 2100 swab samples and the prevalence rate was 22.05% which is comparable to the recent prevalence report on live bird market in Bangladesh [21]. According to our results, semi-scavenging ducks are identified as a potential threat on AIV transmission in backyard and commercial poultry with low bio-security which is in agreement with the recent AI surveillance study in the West Bengal State of India, a neighboring country of Bangladesh [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Surveillance of avian influenza virus type A in semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh

et al. 2013

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BackgroundDucks are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus and the central host for highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), while domestic ducks rearing in semi-scavenging system could serve as re-assortment vessels for re-emerging new subtypes of influenza viruses between birds to human. Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in Bangladesh has been passive, relying on poultry farmers to report suspected outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. Here, the results of an active surveillance effort focusing on the semi-scavenging ducks are presented.ResultA total of 2100 cloacal swabs and 2100 sera were collected from semi-scavenging ducks from three wintering-sites of Bangladesh during three successive winter seasons, December through February in the years between 2009 and 2012. Virus isolation and identification were carried out from the cloacal swabs by virus propagation in embryonated hen eggs followed by amplification of viral RNA using Avian influenza virus (AIV) specific RT-PCR. The overall prevalence of avian influenza type A was 22.05% for swab samples and 39.76% ducks were sero-positive for avian influenza type A antibody. Extremely low sero-prevalence (0.09%) of AIV H5N1 was detected.ConclusionsBased on our surveillance results, we conclude that semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh might play important role in transmitting Avian Influenza virus (AIV) type A. However, the current risk of infection for humans from domestic ducks in Bangladesh is negligible. We believe that this relatively large dataset over three winters in Bangladesh might create a strong foundation for future studies of AIV prevalence, evolution, and ecology in wintering sites around the globe.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Surveillance of avian influenza virus type A in semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh

et al. 2013

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“…Multiple-age caging and a high density within cages may create favorable conditions for persistent EV cycling and variation by interspecies transmission. All of these factors have been studied in the context of closed-system, intensive "factory" farming, especially for poultry and swine (52)(53)(54)(55). Moreover, picornavirus serotypes detected in the zoo population tended to persist over time, in contrast to the fluctuation in detection of specific types in the free-ranging populations examined in the present paper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Characterizing the Picornavirus Landscape among Synanthropic Nonhuman Primates in Bangladesh, 2007 to 2008

Oberste

Feeroz

Maher

et al. 2013

J Virol

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The term synanthropic describes organisms that thrive in human-altered habitats. Where synanthropic nonhuman primates (NHP) share an ecological niche with humans, cross-species transmission of infectious agents can occur. In Bangladesh, synanthropic NHP are found in villages, densely populated cities, religious sites, and protected forest areas. NHP are also kept as performing monkeys and pets. To investigate possible transmission of enteric picornaviruses between humans and NHP, we collected fecal specimens from five NHP taxa at16 locations in Bangladesh during five field sessions, from January 2007 to June 2008. Specimens were screened using real-time PCR assays for the genera Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Sapelovirus; PCR-positive samples were typed by VP1 sequencing. To compare picornavirus diversity between humans and NHP, the same assays were applied to 211 human stool specimens collected in Bangladesh in 2007 to 2008 for acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Picornaviruses were detected in 78 of 677 (11.5%) NHP fecal samples. Twenty distinct human enterovirus (EV) serotypes, two bovine EV types, six human parechovirus serotypes, and one virus related to Ljungan virus were identified. Twenty-five additional enteroviruses and eight parechoviruses could not be typed. Comparison of the picornavirus serotypes detected in NHP specimens with those detected in human specimens revealed considerable overlap. Strikingly, no known simian enteroviruses were detected among these NHP populations. In conclusion, enteroviruses and parechoviruses may be transmitted between humans and synanthropic NHP in Bangladesh, but the directionality of transmission is unknown. These findings may have important implications for the health of both human and NHP populations.

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“…H9N2 viruses were first isolated from turkeys in the United States in 1966 (10). However, since the mid-1990s, H9N2 viruses have become endemic in poultry in many countries of Asia and the Middle East, and vaccines have been deployed to bring the disease under control (3,11,12). Moreover, H9N2 viruses have been repeatedly isolated from pigs and humans with influenza-like illness, and seroepidemiological studies indicate that asymptomatic human H9N2 infections are not uncommon (11,13,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Matriptase, HAT, and TMPRSS2 Activate the Hemagglutinin of H9N2 Influenza A Viruses

Baron

Tarnow

Mayoli-Nüssle

et al. 2013

J Virol

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127

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Live Bird Markets of Bangladesh: H9N2 Viruses and the Near Absence of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza

Cited by 94 publications

References 37 publications

Surveillance of avian influenza virus type A in semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh

Surveillance of avian influenza virus type A in semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh

Characterizing the Picornavirus Landscape among Synanthropic Nonhuman Primates in Bangladesh, 2007 to 2008

Matriptase, HAT, and TMPRSS2 Activate the Hemagglutinin of H9N2 Influenza A Viruses

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