Live and lyophilized Lactobacillus species elicit differential immunomodulatory effects on immune cells

Abstract

To study the mechanism of action of the lactobacilli, splenocytes were incubated with lactobacilli. We compared the ability of live and lyophilized Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus to modulate the production of interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-10 by splenocytes from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Blocking contact between lactobacilli and immune cells abrogated all cytokine production. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was partially responsible, but not TLR4 or TLR9, for the induction of cytokine production in splenocytes. All cytokine production declined to basal levels when bacterial phagocytosis was inhibited. This shows that lactobacilli stimulation of cytokine production in splenocytes requires the process of phagocytosis and engagement of TLR2, but not TLR4 or TLR9.

ProbioticLactobacillusStrains Stimulate the Inflammatory Response and Activate Human Macrophages

“…In other studies, using murine macrophages, stimulation with LTA reversed the ability of some lactobacillus strains to induce the synthesis of IL-12 by increasing the production of IL-10 via a mechanism involving the activation of ERK family dependent effects on the activation of TLR2 [42]. Other investigations have indicated that viable and lyophilized lactobacillus exerts different effects on immunomodulation and that these differences are partially attributable to the involvement of the TLR receptor but not TLR4 and TLR9 [43]. …”

Relative cost-effectiveness of an extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in managing infants with cow's milk allergy in Italy

“…Additionally, LGG is known to modulate immune functions via various pathways17–20 to alter cytokine levels that may be involved in IgE- or non-IgE-mediated CMA, thereby modulating the major pathways involved in CMA pathogenesis17–21 and to alter the composition of the intestinal microbial community with a large increase in the number of taxa previously associated with less development of allergy and atopy 22. Moreover, in infants with CMA, the addition of LGG to eHCF compared with eHCF alone has been shown to more effectively attenuate increased intestinal permeability, and to decrease fecal calprotectin and the persistence of occult fecal blood losses 23,24…”

Impact ofSaccharomyces Cerevisiaeon Viability of ProbioticLactobacillus Rhamnosusin Fermented Milk under Ambient Conditions

“…The physiological state of viable cells can also affect their probiotic effects; e.g., live and freeze‐dried probiotic lactobacilli elicit differential immunomodulatory effects (Cai et al . ).…”

“…Although there is limited evidence that cell components of dead probiotics can exert certain beneficial effects (Rachmilewitz et al 2004;Sashihara et al 2006), the requirement for cell viability has been demonstrated for other probiotic effects (Ma et al 2004;Arribas et al 2012), besides the inclusion of "live microorganisms" in the definition of the probiotic concept. The physiological state of viable cells can also affect their probiotic effects; e.g., live and freeze-dried probiotic lactobacilli elicit differential immunomodulatory effects (Cai et al 2010).…”