Lithospheric Structure of Eastern Tibetan Plateau from Terrestrial and Satellite Gravity Data Modeling: Implication for Asthenospheric Underplating

Abstract

The lithosphere of the eastern Tibetan plateau is underlain by a low-velocity zone at shallow depths which is interpreted as asthenospheric material in the upper-most mantle in various seismic tomography studies. The driving mechanism for the presence of asthenospheric material in the upper-most mantle is not well understood, and the spatial extent of the asthenospheric material is not well delineated. We use 2.5D gravity models to assess what drove the asthenospheric flow upwards in the past and determine the lateral extent of the asthenospheric material in the upper-most mantle. The models also allow us to determine the Indian slab configuration below the Tibetan plateau. The gravity models show that lithospheric thickness increases from ~120 km in the central and eastern parts of the plateau to ~150 km in the west, indicating that the lithosphere in the central and eastern parts of the plateau may have been delaminated. The ~30 km shallower Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary in the central and eastern Tibetan plateau may indicate that asthenospheric flow could have been induced in the past by a combination of lithospheric delamination and a slab break-off event of the Greater Indian slab. The spatial extent of the asthenospheric material in the upper-most mantle beneath the Tibetan plateau is ~15,000 km2 (N−S length=500 km and thickness=30 km) between 85°E and 88°E, which could even extend east of 92°E. The Indian slab is dipping more steeply in the east. The slab dip along the Indian plate increases from ~10° in the west to ~18° in the central (~87°E) and ~25° in the eastern part (~91°E) of the plateau, indicating that the style of lithospheric deformation changes from underthrusting to slab roll-back from west to east.

Overriding Plate Mantle Delamination Controls the Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau

“…1c) 20,[22][23][24] . These findings align with the inversion of gravity measurements 25 . Furthermore, the seismic tomographic section reveals a distinctive geological configuration: an overturned geometry of the cold Indian slab and a south-dipping positive anomaly beneath the Qaidam Basin in the north (Fig.…”

Thermodynamic constraints on the composition of orogenically thickened lower crust

“…If correct, the extreme thickness of thickened crust would be greater than 70 km in hot orogens, because intermediate‐felsic rocks would have lower densities than mafic rocks. Former gravity investigations reveal that the lower crust beneath the Lhasa block has a density of ~3.00–3.15 g/cm 3 (Bai et al, 2013; Deng et al, 2014; Singh & Mahatsente, 2020) and a Moho depth of ~70–80 km (G. Wang et al, 2021; Z. Zhang et al, 2011). However, according to our results, mafic granulites seem to have higher densities (~3.15–3.30 g/cm 3 ) at ~70 km (Figures 5d, 6d, and 7d), further confirming that intermediate‐felsic rocks potentially dominate the thickened lower crust.…”

“…The average continental crust model derived from Rudnick and Gao (2003) is also shown densities than mafic rocks. Former gravity investigations reveal that the lower crust beneath the Lhasa block has a density of $3.00-3.15 g/cm 3 (Bai et al, 2013;Deng et al, 2014;Singh & Mahatsente, 2020) and a Moho depth of $70-80 km (G. Wang et al, 2021;Z. Zhang et al, 2011).…”