Lithology and Diagenetic Processes of the Baluti Formation (Upper Triassic) from the Amadyia Area, Kurdistan Region, North-Iraq

Shingaly, Waleed S.

doi:10.17656/jzs.10470

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…• Edilbi et al (2017) determined a Late Cretaceous age for a shale unit outcropping near Sararu Village in the Ora Anticline of Iraqi Kurdistan which Shingaly (2015) described as Late Triassic Baluti Formation. However, subsequent studies of this area reaffirm the presence of Triassic shales (Asaad and Omer, 2020;and pers.…”

Section: Late Triassic To Early Jurassic Stratigraphy Of Kurdistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic Correlation and Source Rock Characteristics of the Baluti Formation From Selected Wells in the Zagros Fold Belt, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

Mohialdeen

Fatah

Abdula

et al. 2021

Journal of Petroleum Geology

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The Upper Triassic Baluti Formation has been identified and mapped based on its log response in selected wells from the Zagros foldbelt in the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq. A preliminary evaluation of the formation's source rock potential was made by Rock‐Eval screening analysis in four wells along a NW‐SE profile (Atrush‐1, Shaikan‐5B, Taq Taq‐22 and Miran‐2) with maturity determined from reflectance measurements in samples from well Taq Taq‐22. The Baluti Formation consists of thinly interbedded shales, carbonates and anhydrite ranging in thickness from 48 m in well Atrush‐1 to 118 m in well Miran‐2. The Rock‐Eval screening was conducted primarily on bulk cuttings samples plus selected picked cuttings. The TOC content is low to moderate (0.23 to 1.14 wt%). However, the shale content in many of the analysed bulk samples was relatively low, making assessment of the source potential problematic. The highest TOCs are recorded from the thickest analysed sections from wells Miran‐2 and Taq Taq‐22, where high‐gamma bituminous shales are present. Rock‐Eval Tmax values ranging from 295 to 438°C are not consistent with estimates of pre‐Zagros burial to depths of between 4600 m (Atrush‐1) and 6900 m (Miran‐2). The relatively low Tmax values suggest that the S2 response does not reflect kerogen pyrolysis in these samples and may be due to the presence of solid bitumen, which is observed in the Baluti Formation in at least three of the study wells (Taq Taq‐22, Miran‐2 and Shaikan‐5B). Little pyrolysable organic matter remains in the formation due to the interpreted deep pre‐Zagros burial and the consequent high maturity in Taq Taq‐22 (VR = 1.51%Ro) and Miran‐2 (estimated VR >2%Ro), and the poor source character in Atrush‐1 and Shaikan‐5B. Organic petrography suggests the presence of vestiges of Types I and II kerogen in Taq Taq‐22, with bitumen observed as stains in the matrix of the shales and also in the pores and fractures of interbedded dolostones. However, bitumen reflectance determinations for Taq Taq‐22 indicate an equivalent vitrinite reflectance maturity of no more than 0.93%Ro, which is significantly less than that of the indigenous vitrinite, implying the solid bitumen in this well is derived primarily from migrated hydrocarbons. Further detailed analysis is required, but the results suggest that the Baluti Formation may have sourced hydrocarbons in its depocentre which is identified in this study as covering a NW‐SE trending area between Bekhme and Sangaw.

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Section: Late Triassic To Early Jurassic Stratigraphy Of Kurdistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic Correlation and Source Rock Characteristics of the Baluti Formation From Selected Wells in the Zagros Fold Belt, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

Mohialdeen

Fatah

Abdula

et al. 2021

Journal of Petroleum Geology

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“…Since the first description of the Baluti Formation by Bellen et al (1959) in it is type section, there have been several published articles on the Baluti Formation in the outcrops of Northern Iraq. This includes the works of Buday (1980), Jassim and Goff (2006), Hanna (2007), Aqrawi, Goff, Horbury, and Sadooni (2010), Al‐Juboury and McCann (2015), Shingaly (2016), Al‐Mashaikie, Abdul‐Razzak, and Naser (2016), Al‐Mashaikie (2017), Al‐Mashaikie and Abdul‐Razzak (2017), Asaad (2019), Asaad and Omer (2019), Lunn, Miller, and Samarrai (2019), Azo, Hanna, and Edilbi (2020), and Asaad and Omer (2020), which have all focused mainly on the stratigraphy, sedimentology and palaeontology of the studied formation. The main aim of this article is a detailed investigation of the sedimentological aspect of the Baluti Formation in the studied section in terms of lithostratigraphy, petrography, diagenesis, mineralogy, facies analysis, and subdivisions, in order to understand further the lateral continuity of its depositional environment in areas that have not been studied previously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentology of the Baluti Formation (Late Triassic) in the Warte area, northeastern Iraqi Kurdistan region

et al. 2021

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A detailed sedimentological investigation of the Baluti Formation (Late Triassic) in the Warte section, Imbricated Zone, northeastern Kurdistan region of Iraq has been undertaken for the first time. The formation is comprised of 34 m of dolomitic limestone, marly limestone, and marly dolomitic limestone which is partially brecciated and all interbedded with shale and several beds of marl in the lower part. Based on the field observations and petrographic inspections, four different lithostratigraphic units were identified in the studied section, which are, in ascending order: marly dolomitic limestone interbedded with marl and shale unit, brecciated marly dolomitic limestone interbedded with shale unit, fractured marly dolomitic limestone unit, and marly limestone interbedded with shale unit. The petrographic study of 19 thin sections of Baluti carbonates shows that the majority are composed of carbonate mud (micrite). The skeletal grains include ostracods, calcispheres, benthonic foraminifera, gastropods, bivalves, clasts, and bioclasts. While non‐skeletal grains include peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts. The results of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) of five samples and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of three samples of the shale and marl of the studied formation show that the main clay mineral is illite, whereas non‐clay mineral is dolomite. The carbonate rocks of the Baluti Formation were subjected to different diagenetic processes, such as micritization, dolomitization, cementation, compaction, solution, pyritization, neomorphism, and fracturing. Three main microfacies were identified in the Baluti carbonates and according to their environmental interpretation, they are grouped into one basic type of facies association—subtidal‐semi restricted lagoon. Field observation, petrographic, microfacies, and textural analysis indicate that the Baluti Formation in the Warte section was deposited in a shallow marine, subtidal (lagoon) environment with semi‐restricted conditions.

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“…There are several works concerned to sedimentological, paleontological and petrophysical studies of the formation in northern Iraq but no one study a relationship between porosity and diagenesis of the formation in the studied outcrop. The interested studies are the following: Buday [9], Jassim et al [10], Hanna [11], Aqrawi et al [6], Shingaly [12], Asaad and Omer [13], Lunn et al [14], Azo et al [15], Asaad and Omer [16], Asaad et al [17] and Mohialdeen et al [18]. The main goal of the current paper is clarifying porosity types formed on the Baluti Formation in the Sararu area and diagenetic control of them.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diagenetic control on porosity types of carbonate rocks of Late Triassic Baluti Formation in Northern Thrust Zone, Iraqi Kurdistan region, Northern Iraq

Asaad,

Omer

2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The carbonate rocks of Late Triassic Baluti Formation in Sararu outcrop, Northern Thrust Zone, Northern Iraqi Kurdistan region consist of brecciated marly limestone and sandy dolomitic limestone interbedded with shale that characterized by complex heterogeneity. The microscopic description of the porosity types and diagenetic processes controlled it were studied in current work. The petrographic study of 12 thin section of Baluti carbonate displayed that the main skeletal grains are shallow marine derivative fossils and non-skeletal grains are only monocrystalline quartz. The main matrix is micrite which sometimes changed to microspar and sparry calcite. Seven pore types were distinguished in the studied rocks of the formation from both primary and secondary stages. The primary porosity are interparticle and intraparticle pores. While, the secondary types were moldic, intercrystalline, fracture, vuggy and stylolitic porosities. The formation in studied outcrop was undergone in several diagenetic processes, that enhanced or reduced the porosity of the Baluti carbonates. Early micritization protect the primary pores from destroying by compaction. While, solution was assists in creating different secondary pores in different diagenetic stage of the formation particularly the dominant moldic porosity. Calcite cements aid in reducing all pore types in the studied formation. Late dolomitization contribute to formation intercrystalline and dolomoldic porosities. stylolites with dissolution helps to creating stylolitic porosity. Neomorphism, silicification and pyritization generally reduced porosity in the formation.

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Lithology and Diagenetic Processes of the Baluti Formation (Upper Triassic) from the Amadyia Area, Kurdistan Region, North-Iraq

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Stratigraphic Correlation and Source Rock Characteristics of the Baluti Formation From Selected Wells in the Zagros Fold Belt, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

Stratigraphic Correlation and Source Rock Characteristics of the Baluti Formation From Selected Wells in the Zagros Fold Belt, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

Sedimentology of the Baluti Formation (Late Triassic) in the Warte area, northeastern Iraqi Kurdistan region

Diagenetic control on porosity types of carbonate rocks of Late Triassic Baluti Formation in Northern Thrust Zone, Iraqi Kurdistan region, Northern Iraq

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