Lithium treatment elongates primary cilia in the mouse brain and in cultured cells

Primary cilia and kidney injury: current research status and future perspectives

“…Deflection of the primary cilium by fluid shear stress can shorten its length and consequently ameliorate mechanosensitivity, which coincides with the observations seen with mutated ADPKD gene products, PC1 or PC2 (123,132). Miyoshi et al (123) showed that lithium elongates primary cilia in the mouse brain and in cultured NIH3T3 and neuronal cells.…”

“…Deflection of the primary cilium by fluid shear stress can shorten its length and consequently ameliorate mechanosensitivity, which coincides with the observations seen with mutated ADPKD gene products, PC1 or PC2 (123,132). Miyoshi et al (123) showed that lithium elongates primary cilia in the mouse brain and in cultured NIH3T3 and neuronal cells. Simultaneously, Ou et al (143) independently found that lithium can elongate the primary cilium length in FLS cells, rat PC12 cells, and human astrocytes and suggested that lithium elongates cilium length partially by the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase III (ACIII) and reduction of the cAMP level.…”

SQL-1, homologue of the Golgi protein GMAP210, modulates Intraflagellar Transport in C. elegans

“…However, little is known about how this diversity is achieved. Different types of signaling molecules, including second messengers (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2008;Ou et al, 2009;Besschetnova et al, 2010;Abdul-Majeed et al, 2012), kinases (Berman et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2006;Burghoorn et al, 2007;Tam et al, 2007;Miyoshi et al, 2009;Omori et al, 2010), phosphatases (Kim et al, 2010;Clément et al, 2011;Abdul-Majeed et al, 2012) and G proteins (Burghoorn et al, 2010) have been shown to regulate cilia length and cilia morphology. Since these signaling pathways also regulate transport, both in and toward the cilium, it is likely that these transport processes play a role in regulating cilium length and morphology (Silverman and Leroux, 2009).…”

The Ciliary Baton

“…Under most circumstances, primary cilia are between 1 and 10 μm long, but they can extend to over 20 μm. Various factors can influence the length of cilia including injury/hypoxia (Verghese, Weidenfeld, Bertram, Ricardo, & Deane, 2008;Verghese, Zhuang, Saiti, Ricardo, & Deane, 2011), treatment with monovalent cation chlorides (LiCl, NaCl, and KCl) (Miyoshi, Kasahara, Miyazaki, & Asanuma, 2009;Ou et al, 2009), cytoskeletal dynamics (Miyoshi, Kasahara, Miyazaki, & Asanuma, 2011), and autophagy (Tang et al, 2013;Tang, Zhu, & Zhong, 2014). It is hypothesized that with all other variables being constant, increased length of the cilium is directly related to the sensitivity of the organelle.…”